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法治(fǎzhì)
以法治国。是站在君主的角度,主张君主通过制定并严格执行法令、规章来治理民众和国家(与“人治”相对) ,是先秦时期法家的重要政治思想。法家的“法治”思想有赏罚分明的一面,也有过于严苛 、刚硬的弊端 。自汉朝以迄清朝,“法治 ”和“人治” ,各王朝多兼而用之。近代以降,“法治”因西学东渐而被赋予新的含义。
RulebyLaw
Rulebylaw,asopposedtorulebyman,callsforrulingastateanditspeoplebytherulerthroughenactingandstrictlyenforcinglawsandregulations.ItisanimportantpoliticalthoughtoftheLegalistscholarsinthepre-Qinperiod.Rulebylawmetedoutwell-definedrewardsandpunishments,buttendedtobeexcessivelysevereandrigidinenforcement.FromtheHanDynastyallthewaytotheQingDynasty,rulebylawandrulebymanwereexercisedbyvariousdynasties,mostlyincombination.WiththespreadofWesternthoughtstoChinainmorerecenttimes,rulebylawacquirednewmeanings.
Examples
[引例]
是故先王之治国也,不淫意于法之外 ,不为惠于法之内也 。(《管子·明法》)
Whenourforefathersruledthestate,theydidnotactunscrupulouslyindisregardoflaw,nordidtheybestowpersonalfavorswithintheframeworkoflaw.(Guanzi)
故法治者,治之极轨也,而通五洲万国数千年间。其最初发明此法治主义 ,以成一家言者谁乎?则我国之管子也!(梁启超《管子评传》)
Therefore,rulebylawisthesupremewaytoruleacountry.Ithasbeenexercisedbynumerouscountriesintheworldforseveralthousandyears.Whoconceivedthisideaanddevelopeditintoatheoryofgovernance?ItwasnoneotherthanourfellowcountrymanGuanzi!(LiangQichao:ACriticalBiographyofGuanzi)