备考指导#2017翻译硕士#中华思想文化术语翻译选读——美刺

美刺[měicì]

赞美与讽刺批评。用于文学艺术领域
，主要指用诗歌对统治者的品德
、政令和作为进行赞美或讽刺批评 。孔子最早指出“诗可以怨
”，强调《诗经》具有抒发不满情绪的功用 ，确定了诗歌创作的基本功能
。汉代的诗学则迎合统治者的需要
，突出诗歌歌功颂德的功能。汉代诗学作品《毛诗序》和郑玄《诗谱序》将“美刺”确立为诗歌批评的基本原则之一，使之成为后世诗人和作家的自觉追求 ，是他们参与政治、干预社会生活的一种方式
，从而构成中国文学的基本功用与重要特色 。

ExtolmentandSatiricalCriticism

Thisliterarytermisusedinpoetrytocommentonaruler’smoralcharacter,policies,decrees,andperformance,eitherinpraiseorcriticism.ConfuciuswasthefirsttopointoutthatpoetrycouldbeusedtoventresentmentandthusestablishedabasicfunctionofpoetrywritingbyemphasizingtheroleTheBookofSongsplayedinvoicinggrievances.IntheHanDynasty,however,poetrytendedtobeusedasavehicleforextollingtheaccomplishmentsandvirtuesofrulers.In“PrefacetoMao’sVersionofTheBookofSongs ”and“PrefacetoOntheCategoriesofTheBookofSongs,
”twoinfluentialwritingsontheoryofpoetrypublishedduringtheHanDynasty,extolmentandsatiricalcriticismwasregardedasanunderlyingprincipleofpoeticcriticism.Thisprinciplewaswidelyemployedbypoetsandwritersoflatergenerationsasawayofgettinginvolvedinpoliticsandmakingtheirimpactonthesociety.ThisconstitutedafundamentalfunctionandanessentialfeatureofChineseliterature.

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[引例]

论功颂德，所以将顺其美;讥刺过失 ，所以匡救其恶
。(郑玄《诗谱序》)

汉儒言诗
，不过美刺两端。(程廷祚《青溪集·诗论十三·再论刺诗》)

Poemsarecomposedtoapplaudtherulerstocontinuetodowhatisgoodbyextollingtheirachievementsandvirtues,andtourgethemtochangetheerroneouscoursebysatirizingandcriticizingtheirwrongdoings.(ZhengXuan:PrefacetoOntheCategoriesofTheBookofSongs)

ToConfucianscholarsintheHanDynasty,poetryhastwobasicfunctions:extolmentandsatiricalcriticism.(ChengTingzuo:QingxiCollection)