考研英语#2012年考研究生英语基础复习阶段测试题一

SectionIStructureandVocabulary
Directions:

Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET(20points)

1.Asscheduled,thecommunicationssatellitewentinto________roundtheearth。

[A]circle[B]orbit[C]path[D]course

2.Idon’twanttolendanymoremoneytohim;he’salreadyindebt________me 。

[A]to[B]for[C]of[D]with

3.________tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim。

[A]Hardlyhadhebegun[B]Nosoonerhadhebegun

[C]Notuntilhebegan[D]Scarcelydidhebegin

4.JeanWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit____inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference
。

[A]istobeanalyzed[B]hasbeenanalyzed

[C]beanalyzed[D]shouldhavebeenanalyzed

5.Humble____itmaybe,there’snoplacelikehome,wherehemaygo。

[A]although[B]as[C]how[D]which

6.Althoughhethoughthewashelpinguspreparethedinner,hewasactually________theway 。

[A]in[B]by[C]off[D]on

7.Althoughthefalsebanknotesfooledmanypeople,theydidnotcloseexamination
。

[A]putup[B]keepup[C]standupto[D]lookupto

8.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completely________totheoutsideworld。

[A]beinglost[B]havinglost[C]losing[D]lost

9.Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofas________inashortperiodoftime 。

[A]beingcreated[B]tohavebeencreated

[C]havingbeencreated[D]tobecreated

10.Thestudentsexpectedthere________morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexam
。

[A]is[B]being[C]havebeen[D]tobe

11.Thepatienthasbeen________ofthesafetyoftheoperation。

[A]assured[B]guaranteed[C]entrusted[D]confirmed

12.Willyou________thispassagetoseeifthereisanymisprint?

[A]lookup[B]goover[C]dwellon[D]workout

13.ThealbumisasitwastheonlyoneeversignedbythePresident 。

[A]unusual[B]unique[C]rare[D]singular

14.Prof.Wardhardlyeverwenttothetheater.

[A]neitherthecinemanor[B]neitherthecinemaor

[C]eitherthecinemaor[D]eitherthecinemanor

15.Thebankisreported________inthelocalnewspaperinbroaddaylightyesterday
。

[A]toberobbed[B]robbed

[C]tohavebeenrobbed[D]havingbeenrobbed

16.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,you’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered。

[A]or[B]so[C]for[D]and

17.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,he________ourchairmannow 。

[A]musthavebeen[B]wouldhavebeen[C]were[D]wouldbe

18.Stressfulenvironmentsleadtounhealthybehaviorssuchaspooreatinghabits,which________increasetheriskofheartdisease
。

[A]inturn[B]inreturn[C]bychance[D]byturns

19.Thetouristispreventedfromenteringacountryifhedoesnothave________passport。

[A]anoperative[B]avalid[C]anefficient[D]aneffective

20.Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthan________ 。

[A]hasbeenputin[B]havebeenputin[C]beingputin[D]tobeputin

SectionIIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassicaland21worlds,whileduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm“reading”22meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewary,however,of23thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisa(n)24toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe25developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin26.Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein27,andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreased,thenumberofpotentiallisteners28,andthustherewassome29intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommon,socametheflourishingofreadingasa30activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibraries,railwaycarriagesandoffices,wherereadingaloudwould31distractiontootherreaders.Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill32argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated33,andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway34weakening.Indeedthisargumentremainswithusstillineducation.35,itsvirtues,theoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas36bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora37readershipontheother.Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate,38notimpossible,fortheoralreader.Thesocial,cultural,andtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly39whattheterm“reading ”40。

21.[A]contemporary[B]modern[C]medieval[D]western

22.[A]undoubtedly[B]really[C]absolutely[D]accordingly

23.[A]imagining[B]consuming[C]resuming[D]assuming

24.[A]interruption[B]distraction[C]bother[D]pressure

25.[A]historical[B]historic[C]history[D]historian

26.[A]quality[B]character[C]personality[D]distinctiveness

27.[A]literate[B]illiterate[C]literacy[D]literature

28.[A]receded[B]declined[C]increased[D]expanded

29.[A]limitation[B]necessity[C]reduction[D]shrink

30.[A]private[B]overt[C]public[D]secret

31.[A]cause[B]effect[C]produce[D]realize

32.[A]considerable[B]considerate[C]moderate[D]immoderate

33.[A]respectively[B]honorably[C]respectfully[D]relatively

34.[A]largely[B]intelligently[C]mentally[D]physically

35.[A]However[B]Whatever[C]Whichever[D]Wherever

36.[A]replaced[B]taken[C]followed[D]distinguished

37.[A]specific[B]special[C]specified[D]specialized

38.[A]and[B]if[C]but[D]or

39.[A]translated[B]differed[C]shifted[D]altered

40.[A]inferred[B]advised[C]induced[D]implied

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Theentrepreneur,accordingtoFrencheconomistJ.B.Say,“isapersonwhoshiftseconomicresourcesoutofanareaoflowerandintoanareaofhigherproductivityandyield
。”ButSay’sdefinitiondoesnottelluswhothisentrepreneuris.Somedefinetheentrepreneursimplyasonewhostartshisorherownnewandsmallbusiness.Forourpurposes,wewilldefinetheentrepreneurasapersonwhotakesthenecessaryriskstoorganizeandmanageabusinessandreceivesthefinancialprofitsandnonmonetaryrewards。

Themanwhoopensasmallpizzarestaurantisinbusiness,butisheanentrepreneur?Hetookariskanddidsomething,butdidheshiftresourcesorstartthebusiness?Iftheanswerisyes,thenheisconsideredanentrepreneur.RayKrocisanexampleofanentrepreneurbecausehefoundedandestablishedMcDonald’s.Hishamburgerswerenotanewidea,butheappliednewtechniques,resourceallocations,andorganizationalmethodsinhisventure.RayKrocupgradedtheproductivityandyieldfromtheresourcesappliedtocreatehisfast-foodchain.Thisiswhatentrepreneursdo;thisiswhatentrepreneurshipmeans 。

Manyofthesharp,black-and-whitecontrastsbetweentheentrepreneurandtheprofessionalhavefadedtograycolor.Formerly,professionalssuchasdoctors,lawyers,dentists,andaccountantswerenotsupposedtobeentrepreneurial,aggressive,ormarketoriented.Theywere“above
”themarket-drivenworld.Entrepreneurs,ontheotherhand,werethemavericksofsociety.Theywererisk-takerswhoaggressivelysoughttomakesomethinghappen.Longhourswereaboutallthetwoworldshadincommon.However,increasedcompetition,saturatedmarkets,andamoreprice-consciouspublichavechangedtheworldoftheprofessionals.Todaytheyneedtomarkettheirskills,talents,andcompetencies.Lawyersadvertisetheirservices.Doctorsspecializeinoneformofsurgery.Accountingfirmsjoinwithotherbusinesses(e.g.,consultingandlaw)toserveclients
。

Entrepreneursexhibitmanydifferentbehaviors;searchingforaspecificpersonalitypatternisverydifficult.Someentrepreneursarequiet,introverted,andanalytical.Ontheotherhand,somearebrash,extroverted,andveryemotional.Manyofthemsharesomequalities.Viewingchangeasthenorm,entrepreneursusuallysearchforit,respondtoit,andtreatitasanopportunity.AnentrepreneursuchasRayKrocofMcDonald’sisabletotakeresourcesandshiftthemtomeetaneed.Makingthedecisiontoshiftresourcesworksbetterifapersoniscreative,experienced,andconfident。

41.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whocanberegardedasanentrepreneur?

[A]TheCEOofabigcompany.[B]Theownerofaprofitablerestaurant 。

[C]Amanwhostartedanewkindofbusiness.[D]Asuccessfulsalesman
。

42.Accordingtothetext,theprofessionals。

[A]arequitedifferentfromentrepreneursevennow

[B]wereconsideredtobeenterprisingandmarket-centered

[C]wereprice-conscious

[D]havetoadvertisethemselvesinnowadays

43.Fromthetext,welearnthat 。

[A]anentrepreneurshouldbeveryextroverted

[B]anentrepreneurshouldbequicktoseizeopportunities

[C]changeisnotnorminanentrepreneur’seyes

[D]theFrencheconomistJ.B.Sayisthefirstpersonwhogavethedefinitionof“entrepreneur”

44.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthepassageisto
。

[A]completethedefinitionofentrepreneur

[B]tellthereaderswhatisentrepreneurandthemaincharacteristicsofentrepreneurs

[C]showwhatkindofpeoplecanbecomeentrepreneurs

[D]illustratewhyRayKroccanbecomeanentrepreneur

45.Whatwillmostpossiblyfollowthetext?

[A]Anexampleofhowanentrepreneuroperates.[B]Anothertheoryaboutentrepreneurship。

[C]Thebadeffectsofentrepreneurs.[D]Thegoodeffectsofentrepreneurs 。

Text2

St.Pauldidn’tlikeit.Moseswarnedhispeopleagainstit.Hesioddeclaredit“mischievious ”and“hardtogetridofit,
”butOscarWildersaid,“Gossipischarming
。”

“Historyismerelygossip, ”hewroteinoneofhisfamousplays.“Butscandalisgossipmadetediousbymorality。
”

Intimespast,underJewishlaw,gossipmongersmightbefinedorflogged.ThePuritansputtheminstocksorduckingstools,butnopunishmentseemedtohavethedesiredeffectofpreventinggossip,whichhascontinueduninterruptedacrossthebackfencesofthecenturies 。

Today,however,themuch-malignedhumanfoibleisbeinglookedatinadifferentlight.Psychologists,sociologists,philosophers,evenevolutionarybiologistsareconcludingthatgossipmaynotbesobadafterall。

Gossipis“anintrinsicallyvaluableactivity,”philosophyprofessorAaronBen-Ze’evstatesinabookhehasedited,entitledGoodGossip.Foronething,gossiphelpsusacquireinformationthatweneedtoknowthatdoesn’tcomethroughordinarychannels,suchas:“Whatwastherealreasonso-and-sowasfiredfromtheoffice? ”Gossipalsoisaformofsocialbonding,Dr.Ben-Ze’evsays.Itis“akindofsharing
”thatalso“satisfiesthetribalneed—namely,theneedtobelongtoandbeacceptedbyauniquegroup
。”What’smore,theprofessornotes,“Gossipisenjoyable。 ”

Anothergossipgroupie,Dr.RonaldDeSousa,aprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofToronto,describesgossipbasicallyasaformofindiscretionanda“saintlyvirtue
”，bywhichhemeansthattheknowledgespreadbygossipwillusuallyendupbeingslightlybeneficial.“Itseemslikelythataworldinwhichallinformationwereuniversallyavailablewouldbepreferabletoaworldwhereimmensepowerresidesinthecontrolofsecrets,”hewrites 。

Still,everybodyknowsthatgossipcanhaveitsilleffects,especiallyonthepoorwretchbeinggossipedabout.Andpeopleshouldrefrainfromcertainkindsofgossipthatmightbeharmful,eventhoughtheduckingstoolislongoutoffashion
。

Bytheway,thereisalsoaninterestingstrainofgossipcalledmedicalgossip,whichinitsbestform,accordingtoresearchersJerryM.SulsandFranklinGoodkin,canmotivatepeoplewithsymptomsofseriousillness,butwhoareunawareofit,toseekmedicalhelp。

Sogoaheadandgossip.Butremember,if(asoftenisthecaseamonggossipers)youshouldsuddenlybecomeoneofthegossipeesinstead,itisbesttoemploythefoolproofdefenserecommendedbyPlato,whomayhavelearnedthelessonfromSocrates,whoasyouknowwasthevictimofgossipspreadthathewascorruptingtheyouthofAthens:Whenmenspeakillofthee,solivethatnobodywillbelievethem.Or,asWillRogerssaid,“Livesothatyouwouldn’tbeashamedtosellthefamilyparrottothetowngossip 。 ”

46.Persons’remarksarementionedatthebeginningofthetextto____
。

[A]showthegeneraldisapprovalofgossip

[B]introducethetopicofgossip

[C]examinegossipfromahistoricalperspective

[D]provetherealvalueofgossip

47.By“Gossipalsoisaformofsocialbonding”(Para.5) ，ProfessorAaronBen-Ze’evmeansgossip____。

[A]isavaluablesourceofsocialinformation

[B]producesajoythatmostpeopleinsocietyneed

[C]bringspeoplethefeelofbeingpartofagroup

[D]satisfiespeople’sneedofbeingunusual

48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]everyoneinvolvedwillnotbenefitfromgossip 。

[B]philosophersmayholddifferentattitudestowardgossip
。

[C]Dr.RonaldDeSousaregardsgossipsasperfectlyadvantageous。

[D]peoplearegenerallynotconsciousofthevalueofmedicalgossip 。

49.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat____
。

[A]gossiperswillsurelybecomegossipeessomeday

[B]Socrateswasatypicalexampleofagossiperbecomingagossipee

[C]Platoescapedbeingavictimofgossipbynogossiping

[D]aneasywaytoconfrontgossipwhensubjectedtoitistoliveasusual

50.Theauthor’sattitudetoward“gossip
”canbebestdescribedas____。

[A]neutral[B]positive

[C]negative[D]indifferent

Text3

Effortscouldpotentiallyavoidatleastsomeofthepsychopathy(mentalillness)thatunderliesschoolshootings,sincemedicinenowcanhelpeventhemostseverelyill.Andtheywouldalsobenefitthemanyyoungpeoplestrugglingwithfarlessextremebraindisorders 。

TheU.S.SecretService,whichstudies“targetedviolence”，providesinsightontheurgencyoftheneedinits2002“SafeSchoolInitiative ”report:Schoolattacks,insteadofbeingtherandomimpulsiveactsofnoisyandcruelfellows,arewell-plannedeventsmostlycarriedoutbyasinglestudent—whoisnotevilbutmentallyill.Exceptforbeingmale,the41attackersstudiedfitnoprofileoffamilybackground
，race，ethnicity ，orevenacademicperformance.ManywereAandBstudents.Fewhadahistoryofviolentorcriminalbehavior.Buttheirthoughtswereofviolence,andtheirbehaviorwasoftenintimidating.Theyfrequentlyexpressedviolentthemesintheirwritings,inoneinstanceportrayingkillingandsuicideassolutionstofeelingsofdespair.Thecriminalsoftenhadtelegraphedtootherstudentsandteacherstheirdepressionordesperationandeithertalkedaboutorhadattemptedsuicide.Feelingsofpersecutionbyotherswerecommonandledtogrowingresentmentandanger。

Psychiatristsandpsychologistsrecognizethattheseareredflagsdemandingmedicalintervention.Yetoneofmoststrikingfindingsinthereportwasthatthevastmajorityofthesestudentsneverhadamental-healthevaluation.Nowonderonly17percentwerediagnosedwithapsychiatricillness—itwasn’tlookedfor.Thatalonepointstoahugementalhealthgap:Ifthedistressofthesestudentsdidn’ttriggermedicalattention,it’sunlikelythatlessseverestrugglesthatareseeninasmanyas15to20percentofotherstudentswilldoso
。

Onlyrecentlyhavewelearnedthattheseareneurodevelopmentaldisorderswhoseearlysignsmightwellbepickedupinroutinepodiatricscreening.Forexample,aclassicbehaviorinachildthatcanprecedepsychosislaterin1ifeisspeakingtoalmostnoone,evenfamily,saysNasrallah。

Genesareknowntoconfervulnerability,butequallyimportantistheenvironment.Stressorgreatdisappointmentcanaggravatesymptoms;Connectingwithanadultinanongoingrelationshipcandotheopposite.Interventionslikesocial-skillstrainingcombinedwithtalktherapyandtargetedmedicationcanmakeahugedifference.Earlytreatmentcanlessenthefrequencyandintensityofpsychoticepisodes,leavingmanypatientswithonlythemildestofsymptoms.Andtheyoungerthebrain,themoremalleableis.Theultimategoalistonotonlymodifyevaluationofdiseasebutkeepitfromarisinginthefirstplace.Thisisachievable,andthepathtogetthereisbecomingclear 。

51.AccordingtotheUSSecretService,schoolattacksarecharacterizedas
。

[A]reactive[B]revengeful

[C]plotted[D]impulsive

52.Onecommoncharacteristicofschoolattackersisthat。

[A]theyexhibitbadacademicperformances

[B]theyhaveviolentthoughtsandintimidatingbehavior

[C]theyregardhomicideandsuicideaswaysoftacklingdespair

[D]theyhaverecordsofviolenceandcrimes

53.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph3?

[A]Thereisahugegapbetweenhumanmentality 。

[B]Theschoolattackershaveneverhadanymentalhealthevaluation
。

[C]Medicalattentionshouldbepaidtothedistressofschoolattackers。

[D]Thefindingsofthereportastonishedpsychiatristsandpsychologists 。

54.Theword“malleable
”(Line5,Paragraph5)isclosestinmeaningto
。

[A]miserable[B]adaptable

[C]vulnerab1e[D]feeble

55.Whatcanweconcludefromthelastparagraph?

[A]Bothgenesandenvironmentshouldbeimprovedtotacklebraindisorders。

[B]Preventionisbyfarmoreimportantthantreatment 。

[C]Mentaldisordersarecurable,andtheearlierthebetter
。

[D]Earlytreatmentcanreducethesufferingsandterminateallthesymptoms。

Text4

Scientistshaveknownsince1952thatDNAisthebasicstuffofheredity.They’veknownitschemicalstructuresince1953.TheyknowthathumanDNAactslikeabiologicalcomputerprogramsome3billionbitslongthatspellsouttheinstructionsformakingproteins,thebasicbuildingblocksoflife 。

Buteverythingthegeneticengineershaveaccomplishedduringthepasthalf-centuryisjustapreambletotheworkthatCollinsandAndersonandlegionsofcolleaguesaredoingnow.CollinsleadstheHumanGenomeProject,a15-yearefforttodrawthefirstdetailedmapofeverynookandcrannyofgeneinhumanDNA.Anderson,whopioneeredthefirstsuccessfulhumangene-therapyoperations,isleadingthecampaigntoputinformationaboutDNAtouseasquicklyaspossibleinthetreatmentandpreventionofhumandiseases。

Whattheyandotherresearchersareplottingisnothinglessthanabiomedicalrevolution.LikeSiliconValleypiratesreverse-engineeringacomputerchiptostealacompetitor’ssecrets,geneticengineersaredecodinglife'smolecularsecretsandtryingtousethatknowledgetoreversethenaturalcourseofdisease.DNAintheirhandshasbecomebothablueprintandadrug,apharmacologicalsubstanceofextraordinarypotencythatcantreatnotjustsymptomsorthediseasesthatcausethembutalsotheimperfectionsinDNAthatmakepeoplesusceptibletoadisease
。

Andthat’sjustthebeginning.Forallthefeveredworkbeingdone,however,scienceisstillfarawayfromtheBraveNewWorldvisionofengineeringaperfecthuman—orevenaperfecttomato.Muchmoreresearchisneededbeforegenetherapybecomescommonplace,andmanydiseaseswilltakedecadestoconquer,iftheycanbeconqueredatall。

Intheshortrun,themostpracticalwaytousethenewtechnologywillbeingeneticscreening.DoctorswillbeabletodetectallsortsofflawsinDNAlongbeforetheycanbefixed.Insomecasestheknowledgemayleadtotreatmentsthatdelaytheonsetofthediseaseorsoftenitseffects.Someonewithageneticpredispositiontoheartdisease,forexample,couldfollowalow-fatdiet.Andifscientistsdeterminethatavitalproteinismissingbecausethegenethatwassupposedtomakeitisdefective,theymightbeabletogivethepatientanartificialversionoftheprotein.Butinotherinstances,almostnothingcanbedonetostoptheravagesbroughtonbygeneticmutations 。

56.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatCollinsandAndersonandlegionsofcolleagues_____
。

[A]knowthathumanDNAactslikeabiologicalcomputerprogram

[B]havefoundthebasicbuildingblocksoflife

[C]haveaccomplishedsomegeneticdiscoveryduringthepasthalf-century

[D]aremakingabreakthroughinDNA

57.CollinsandAndersonarecitedinthetexttoindicateallthefollowingEXCEPTthat______。

[A]gene-therapynowisalreadygenerallyusedtothetreatmentandpreventionofhumandiseases

[B]humangene-therapyoperationsmaybeappliedtothepatients

[C]time-consumingeffortisneededtoaccomplishthedetailedmapofinhumanDNA

[D]informationaboutDNAmaybeusedinthetreatmentandpreventionofhumandiseases

58.Theword“pirate”(line2,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans______ 。

[A]onewhorobsatseaorplundersthelandfromthesea

[B]onewhomakesuseoforreproducestheworkofanotherwithoutauthorization

[C]totake(something)bypiracy

[D]tomakeuseoforreproduce(another’swork)withoutauthorization

59.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat_____
。

[A]engineeringaperfecthumanisnotfeasibleforthetimebeing

[B]it’simpossibleforscientiststoengineeraperfecttomato

[C]manydiseaseswillneverbeconqueredbyhumanbeings

[D]doctorswillbeabletocureallsortsofflawsinDNAinthelongrun

60.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe______。

[A]DNAandHeredity

[B]TheGeneticRevolution

[C]ABiomedicalRevolution

[D]HowtoApplyGeneticTechnology

SectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslation

Directions:

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Thevaluewhichsocietyplacesonworkhastraditionallybeencloselyassociatedwiththevalueofindividualismandasaresultithashadnegativeeffectsonthedevelopmentofsocialsecurity.(61)Ithasmeantthatinthefirstplacetheamountofbenefitsmustbesmalllestpeople’swillingnesstoworkandsupportthemselvessuffers.Eventodaywithflatrateandearnings-relatedbenefits,thetotalamountofthebenefitmustalwaysbesmallerthantheperson’swagesforfearofmalingering.“Thepurposeofsocialsecurity, ”saidHuntfordreferringtoSweden’scomparativelygenerousbenefits,“istodispelneedwithoutcrossingthethresholdofprosperity 。
”Second,socialsecuritybenefitsaregrantedunderconditionsdesignedtoreducethelikelihoodofeventheboldestofspiritsattemptingtoliceontheStateratherthanwork.Manyoftherulessurroundingthepaymentofunemploymentorsupplementarybenefitareforthispurpose.Third,thevalueplacedonworkismanifestedinamorepositivewayasinthecaseofdisability.(62)Peoplesufferingfromaccidentsincurredatworkorfromoccupationaldiseasesreceivepreferentialtreatmentbythesocialsecurityservicecomparedwiththosesufferingfromcivilaccidentsandordinaryillnesses
。

Yet,thestrangleholdwhichworkhashadonthesocialsecurityservicehasbeenincreasinglyloosenedovertheyears.Theprovisionoffamilyallowances,familyincomesupplements,theslightliberalizationofthewagesstoparesomeofthemanifestationsofthistrend.(63)Similarly,thepreferentialtreatmentgiventooccupationaldisabilitybythesocialsecurityservicehasbeenincreasinglyquestionedwiththedemandsfortheupgradingofbenefitsfortheothertypesofdisability.Itisfeltthatincontemporaryindustrialsocietiesthedistinctionbetweenoccupationalandnon-occupationaldisabilityisartificialformanynon-occupationalformsofdisabilityhaveanindustrialorigineveniftheydonotoccurdirectlyintheworkplace.(64)Thereisalsotheadditionalreasonwhichwementionedintheargumentforonebenefitforallone-parentfamilies,thatamodernsocialsecurityservicemustconcentrateonmeetingneedsirrespectiveofthecausebehindsuchneeds。

Therelationshipbetweensocialsecurityandworkisnotallaone-wayaffair.(65)Itistruethatuntilveryrecentlythegeneralviewwasthatsocialsecurity“representedatypeofluxuryandwasessentiallyanti-economic 。”Itwasseenasmerelygovernmentexpenditurefortheneedy.Aswesaw,however,redundancypaymentsandearnings-relatedunemploymentbenefitshavebeenusedwithsomesuccessbyemployersandthegovernmenttoreduceworkers’oppositiontowardslossoftheirjobs
。

SectionVWriting

66.Directions:

[A]Title:FORABETTERUNDERSTANDINGBETWEENPARENTSANDCHILDREN

[B]Wordlimit:160-200words

[C]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelow

[D]YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

OUTLINE:

1.Presentsituation:Lackofcommunicationbetweenparentsandchildren

2.Possiblereasons:

1)Differentlikesanddislikes

2)Misunderstanding

3)Others

3.Suggestions:

1)Forparents

2)Forchildren