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SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B ,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabank,heislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytime,either2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3 ,thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer‘saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.But,in6tothatbasicallysimpleconcept,thebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomer ,unlike,say,abuyerofgoods ,cannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim.

Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructions ,andnotthoseofanyoneelse.11,forexample,acustomeropensanaccount ,heinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignature,andthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer‘smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16.Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer‘ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice,19bybanks ,ofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20forgery,itisthebankthatwilllose,notthecustomer.(254words)

1.[A]acquire[B]deposit[C]demand[D]derive

2.[A]for[B]through[C]as[D]in

3.[A]However[B]Primarily[C]Moreover[D]Presumably

4.[A]which[B]what[C]how[D]that

5.[A]on[B]with[C]in[D]for

6.[A]support[B]contrast[C]regard[D]addition

7.[A]owe[B]commit[C]attribute[D]embark

8.[A]purpose[B]rise[C]priority[D]thought

9.[A]loaded[B]offended[C]discriminated[D]directed

10.[A]conform[B]comply[C]obey[D]abide

11.[A]Unless[B]Although[C]Since[D]When

12.[A]respect[B]charge[C]line[D]place

13.[A]specifics[B]signs[C]symbols[D]specimens

14.[A]reputation[B]prestige[C]authority[D]impact

15.[A]by[B]on[C]with[D]for

16.[A]printed[B]confirmed[C]forged[D]justified

17.[A]delicate[B]skillful[C]unusual[D]unique

18.[A]risk[B]guarantee[C]fault[D]benefit

19.[A]engaged[B]intended[C]adapted[D]adopted

20.[A]contributes[B]facilitates[C]results[D]leads

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

WhenDr.JohnW.Gofman ,professorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcritic,speaksof“ecocide ”inhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnology,hemeansthefollowing:AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkar ,theNetherlands,wouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepound,releasedintotheatmosphere ,couldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500 ,000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomy,itisestimatedthattherewillbe10,000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEurope ,ofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200,000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradable,plutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.

In1972theU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofair ,buttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers‘Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician,40—70percenthadX’rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestion,outofatotalof29deathsthusfar ,sevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday.“Wearenow,infact,findingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworker ,”statesDr.IrvingSelikoff,oftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.

Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchloride,agasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremade ,causesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.However ,thehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideis,insomeways,moredisturbingthanthe“Watergatecover-up.”“Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthorities , ”summedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10years,workershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthe“safelimit”imposedbyDowChemicalCompany.(422words)

Notes:plutonium钚 。asbestos石棉。polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯。

21.By“ecocide”theauthormostprobablymeans

[A]wasteutilization.

[B]ecologicalbalance.

[C]radioactivereaction.

[D]massivebio-destruction.

22.Accordingtothetext,theauthormentionsplutoniuminparagraph1to

[A]estimatetheamountofnuclearmaterialinEurope.

[B]exemplifyoneofthepossiblecausesoflungcancer.

[C]highlightthemeasuresneededtopreventlungcancer.

[D]showthedestructivepropertiesofindustrialwastematerials.

23.Thestyleofthesecondparagraphismainly

[A]factual.

[B]sarcastic.

[C]emotional.

[D]argumentative.

24.Accordingtoparagraph3 ,someworkershavebeenkilledbyharmfulpollutantsinthat

[A]productioncouldnotbehalted.

[B]theyfailedtotakesafetymeasures.

[C]researchwasnotpursuedtoasolution.

[D]safetyequipmentwasnotadequatelyprovided.

25.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorbelievesthat

[A]nationwideapplicationofanti-pollutiondevicescanfinallypreventcancer.

[B]toughlegislationisneededtosetlowerlimitsofworkerexposuretoharmfulchemicals.

[C]moreresearchisrequiredintothecausesofcancerbeforefurtherprogresscanbemade.

[D]industrializationmustbesloweddowntopreventfurtherspreadofcancer?causingagents.

Text2

Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividual,theapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimals,whichasidefromcloning ,havenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction.

Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivors,ensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.Likelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmembers,suchastheAfricanBongoAntelope ,theSumatranTiger,andtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPanda,someartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformed ,perhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess.

Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworld ,theurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates.“HuaMei ”wasbornin1999afterherparents,Hsing-HsingandLing-Ling,hadtroubleconceivingnaturally.

TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPanda ,theAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbear,whereitwillgrowandmature,untilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost.

Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethods ,suchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies‘habitatsanyway,makingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebated,asbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.(402words)

Notes:ethically道德上 。genepool基因库。inseminationn.受精。fertilize使受精 。embryo胚胎。proponent支持者 ,拥护者。weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 。

26.Theauthorraisestheissueofethicalconsiderationincloninginparagraph1inorderto

[A]identifytheissuesthatwillnotbeaddressedinthetext.

[B]revealanareaofinterestthatwillbeexploredlaterinthetext.

[C]identifyoneofthemainissuesaffectingthecloningcontroversytoday.

[D]drawthereader’sattentiontoasensitiveissuethatbearsconsiderationinthetopicofcloning.

27.Theauthordirectsattentionto“HuaMei”,thebabypandabornintheSanDiegoZoo,inorderto

[A]showthatcloningasanartificialbirthtechniquehassucceeded.

[B]arguethatpandasareaparticularlylikelycandidateforcloning.

[C]showthatartificialbirthtechniquesotherthancloninghavesucceeded.

[D]demonstratethenecessityofcloningandotherartificialbirthtechniquestothesurvivalofcertainspecies.

28.Paragraph4iswritteninorderto

[A]detailtheprocessbywhichcloninginthepandapopulationhasbeenexecutedinthepast.

[B]guidethereadertoconsiderthepossibilityofcloninginrestoringthepandapopulation.

[C]demonstratethattheuseofcloningtorepopulatethepandaspeciesisafeasiblegoal.

[D]informthereaderofhowcloningwouldbecarriedoutinthepandapopulation.

29.Themainpurposeofthelastparagraphisto

[A]argueinfavorofonesideonaparticularlycontroversialtopicofcloning.

[B]displaybothsides‘argumentsonanothercontentiousissueincloning.

[C]redirectthereaders’attentiontothepreviouslyraisedissueofethicsincloning.

[D]providefurtherrelevantinformationtotheevaluationofcloningasapreservationtechnique.

30.Itcanbeinferredfromtheinformationgiveninthetextthatthebestcandidateforcloningwouldbe

[A]GiantPandas.

[B]anendangeredspecieswithmanylivingrelatedspecies.

[C]thespeciesinwhichprevioustechniquesofartificialreproductionhavebeensuccessfullyapplied.

[D]thoseforwhichcloningistheonlyfeasiblemethodbywhichtoreproducethespecies.

Text3

Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisanexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguage ,butfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthis,someobvious,someperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounce ,andconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskill ,onethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkind,andonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguage,whilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccent ,tendtoneglect,intheirpracticalteaching,thebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.

SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothis ,andbyhiswholeattitudetothesubjectshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.SothereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglish,suchasgrammarorspelling,areallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.

Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciation ,therearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher:thefirst,knowledge;thesecond,technique.

Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeech ,andofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.Itisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguages,betweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthose,say ,ofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapicture ,anycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents‘pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuse,andlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetime-wasted.

Butitdoesnotfollowthatyoucanteachpronunciationsuccessfullyassoonasyouhavereadthenecessarybooks.Itdepends,afterthat ,onwhatuseyoumakeofyourknowledge,andthisisamatteroftechnique.

Nowthefirstandmostimportantpartofalanguageteacher’stechniqueishisownperformance,hisabilitytodemonstratethespokenlanguage ,ineverydetailofarticulationaswellasinfluentspeaking,sothatthestudent‘slatentcapacityforimitationisgiventhefullestscopeandencouragement.Theteacher,then ,shouldbeasperfectamodelinthisrespectashecanmakehimself.Andtosupplementhisownperformance,howeversatisfactorythismaybe,themodernteacherhasathisdisposalrecordings ,radio,televisionandvideo,tosupplytheauthenticvoicesofnativespeakers ,or ,iftheteacherhappenstobeanativespeakerhimselforspeaksjustlikeone,thentovarythemethodofpresentingthelanguagematerial.(537words)

Notes:setabout着手,试图 。articulation发音。latent潜在的 ,不明显的。atone’sdisposal供某人任意支配使用 。

31.Whatdoesthewriteractuallysayaboutpronouncingforeignlanguages?

[A]Onlyafewpeoplearereallyproficient.

[B]Nooneisreallyanexpertintheskill.

[C]Therearen‘tmanypeoplewhoareevenfairlygood.

[D]Thereareevensomepeoplewhoaremoderatelyproficient.

32.Thewriterarguesthatgoingabouttheproblemofpronunciationinthewrongwayis

[A]anobviouscauseofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectly.

[B]afundamentalconsequenceofnotspeakingwell.

[C]aconsequenceofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectly.

[D]notanobviouscauseofspeakingpoorly.

33.Whatisitthatteachersaresaidtobeinclinedtoforget?

[A]Thepracticalteachingoflanguages.

[B]Theimportanceofagoodaccent.

[C]Theprincipleofphonetictheory.

[D]Theteachingofpronunciationintheclassroom.

34.Thevaluethestudentputsoncorrectspeechhabitsdependsupon

[A]howcloselyheattendstothematter.

[B]whetheritisEnglishthatisbeingtaught.

[C]histeacher’sapproachtopronunciation.

[D]theimportancenormallygiventogrammarandspelling.

35.Accordingtothetext,inrelationtosomeoneteachinghisownlanguagetoforeigners,audio-visualaidscan

[A]completelyreplacehisownteachingperformance.

[B]providealternativesamplesofnativespeech.

[C]helptoimproveteachingqualitytoagreatextent.

[D]provideaperfectmodelforlanguagestudentstofollow.

Text4

Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals ,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodofsuccess ,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalactivities ,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed“intuition”tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty ,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.

Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral ,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.

Isenberg‘srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First ,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture ,ofteninan“Aha! ”experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally ,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.

Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat“thinking ”isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften“know”whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles ,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.

Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem ,notjustofimplementingthesolution.(454words)

Notes:capriciousness多变 ,反复无常。runcounterto与…背道而驰;违反。bypass绕过 。incloseconcert一齐,一致。givenprep.考虑到,由于。

36.Thelogicalorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetextisthat

[A]aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.

[B]theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.

[C]twooppositepointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.

[D]awidelyaccepteddefinitionispresentedandqualified.

37.Inrelationtothe“writersonmanagement”mentionedinPara.2 ,thetextsuggeststhatthey

[A]havenotbasedtheiranalyzesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.

[B]havereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanwhatmanagersdo.

[C]havemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.

[D]havenotacknowledgedtheroleofintuitioninmanagerialpractice.

38.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT

[A]tospeedupthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.

[B]toidentifyaproblemorbringtogetherdifferentfacts.

[C]toinitiatecleargoalsandintheendattainthem.

[D]toevaluatepossiblesolutionstoaproblem.

39.Whenmentioning“thinking/actingcycles ”(inPara.4),theauthorismostlikelytobelievethat

[A]amanageranalyzesaseriesofproblemsandthenactsonthatanalysis.

[B]amanagergathersdatabyactingandthenobservestheeffectsofaction.

[C]actionandanalysisinmanagerialpracticeinvariablyoccursimultaneously.

[D]amanagertakesaction ,beingabletoclarifyreasonsforthataction.

40.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions ,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?

[A]ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.

[B]ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.

[C]ManagerYdrawsonyearsofpersonalexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;ManagerXdoesnot.

[D]ManagerXdependsonday-by-daytacticalactivities;ManagerYdoesnot.

PartB

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstress,followedbyalistofarguments.ChoosethebestargumentfromthelistA—Gforeachnumberedsubheading(41—45) 。Therearetwoextraargumentswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

41.Twotypesofstress:

Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings—physicalandmental.

42.Effectsofstress—physicaloremotional:

Whetherphysicaloremotionalinorigin ,stresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway.

43.Guilty—useful,thoughmostharmful:

Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt.

44.Instances—noneedtofeelguilty:

However,manyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed.

Nooneisperfect:

Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicate ,butpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealize ,assimpleasitsounds,thatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgotten,notlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically.

45.Lifewithalittlestress—significant:

Alifewithoutstress ,suchasretirementwithnothingtodo,wouldbeboring.

Notes:respiration呼吸。pupil瞳孔。dilate膨胀 。perspiration出汗,勤奋。date约会。sour使别扭 。eradicatevt.消除 ,根除 。atbest充其量。lingerover细细品味。meditation深思,沉思 。mightaswell不妨。

[A]Fatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplate,asuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacation ,norshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife‘ssuccessestobebittersweet,atbest.

[B]Stressfromphysicalactivity,ifnotcarriedtoofar ,isactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelieved,itcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcers,migraineheadaches ,heartproblems ,ormentalillness.

[C]Justasweneedalittleguilt—tokeepuscorrect—andalittleworry—tomakeusplanahead—weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryou,youmightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore.

[D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infact,itisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandillhealth.

[E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstress ,andsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilities,othersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties.

[F]Inthefirststage,yourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincrease ,andthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreases,andtherateofperspirationspeedsup,whiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstage ,yourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.However,ifstresscontinues,thebodycannotrepairitself ,andthefinalstage,exhaustion,thenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinues ,ifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtime ,physicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesame,whetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrun,afirstdate ,buyingahouse,ornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident.

[G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehave,infact ,committedsomeerror,violatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguilty,wewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure—we’dneverobeythelaw ,work,exercise,orevenstudyinschool ,unlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson‘sconsciencedevelops,guiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnology,itpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife—food ,shelter ,clothes,andwarmth.46)Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup.

47)Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperations,whensoswitchedbythehousewife.48)Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacar ,buthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt?inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachines,forexample,thevacuumcleanerorclothes?washingmachine.

Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewives ,some90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction,“HowsooncanIbuyone?”Theother10percenthavethereaction,“Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse.”49)Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficulty ,ormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytime,theyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50)Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelighted,nodoubt ,tohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.(376words)

Notes:glimmering迹象。

SectionⅢWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Youhavejustreceivedashortmessagefromyourfatherinformingthatyourmotherisveryillandyouwanttoaskforoneweek?sleave.Writeanote(便笺)toyourOfficeHeadMr.Wangaboutit.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote.Use“LiMing ”instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.

PartB

52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingsetofpictures.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethepicturesbriefly,

2)interprettheirintendedmeaning ,and

3)pointouttheirimplicationsinourlife.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

参考译文

任何人在银行开一个活期账户时 ,他就是把钱借给银行 。他可以随时提取这笔钱,提取的方式可以是现金,也可以是为他人开一张支票。银行与储户之间的关系主要是债务人与债权人之间的关系;谁是债务人谁是债权人取决于储户的账上是透支还是结余。但是 ,除了那种基本的简单的概念以外,银行与储户相互之间还承担许多义务 。这些义务中的许多义务会引起很多问题和纠纷,但是银行储户譬如说不像货物的买主 ,他不能投诉说法律对他不利。

银行必须遵守它的客户的指令,而不是任何别人的指令。例如,当储户开一个账户时 ,他指示银行只有凭他开的支票才能支取他的存款 。他给银行留下他签名的样本,并且有一条非常严格的规则,即银行没有任何权力把储户的钱付给一张冒名顶替的支票。即使伪造得非常巧妙 ,那也无济于事,因为银行必须辨认出它的储户的签名。为此银行采用把储户的姓名印在支票上的做法,这样 ,对客户就不存在任何风险了 。如果这样做仍然使伪造得逞 ,那承担损失的将是银行,而不应是储户 。

1.[答案][C]demand

[注释]词义搭配。demandtherepaymentofthemoney提取钱。acquirevt.获得;depositvt.将(钱)存入银行;derivevt.得到,获取 。例如:derivegreatpleasurefromone?sstudies(从学习中得到很大乐趣)。

2.[答案][D]in

[注释]惯用搭配。incash以现金方式 。

3.[答案][B]Primarily

[注释]逻辑搭配。primarily主要地;however然而;moreover此外;presumably推测起来 ,大概。

4.[答案][A]which

[注释]逻辑搭配 。whoiswhichdependingon.。.谁是债务人,谁是债权人取决于…。

5.[答案][C]in

[注释]惯用搭配 。beincredit有结余;buyoncredit赊购。

6.[答案][D]addition

[注释]逻辑惯用搭配。inadditionto除…以外 。insupportof支持;incontrastto与…相对照;inregardto关于,在…上 。例如:Ihavenothingtosayin/withregardtoyourcomplaints.(对于你的投诉 ,我无可奉告)。

7.[答案][A]owe

[注释]词义搭配。oweobligationstosb.向某人承担义务;commitoneselftodoingsth.使自己承担做某事的任务;attribute 。..to把…归因于;embarkon着手,开始从事,例如:embarkonanewcareer(从事一项新的职业);embarkonalongjourney(开始漫长的旅行)。

8.[答案][B]rise

[注释]惯用搭配。giveriseto引起 ,产生,例如:Hiswordsgaverisetoaconsiderableamountofspeculation.(他的话引起了很多猜测) 。givepurposeto使…有目的,例如:givepurposetoone?slife(使某人的生活有目的)。givepriorityto优先考虑 ,例如:Weshouldgiveprioritytothedevelopmentofourreadingskills.givethoughtto考虑…,例如:Haveyougivenanythoughttowhichuniversityyouwouldliketogotowhenyouleaveschool?

9.[答案][A]loaded

[注释]词义惯用搭配。beloadedagainst. 。.对…不利,例如:Theoddswereloadedagainsthim.(情况对他不利)。offendagainst.。.触犯(法律等) ,例如:Thisverdictoffendsagainstone?sideaofjustice.(这个裁决触犯了人们的正义观念) 。

discriminateagainst歧视 ,例如:Thelawdoesnotdiscriminateagainstanyrace,creedorcolor.(法律并不歧视任何种族 、信条或肤色)。

direct.。.against使…针对…,例如:Hisremarkdirectsitsblowsmainlytotheworkingpeople.(他的话主要打击了劳动人民) 。

10.[答案][C]obey

[注释]词义结构搭配 。obeyone?sinstructions服从某人的指令。conformto符合 ,遵守,例如:Allstudentsmustconformtotherules.(全体学生都必须遵守这些规则)。conformwith符合,例如:Thedesignconformswiththeregulations.

注意:conformto较常用;只偶尔用conformwith 。complywith照…办;遵守 ,例如:1)Peoplewhorefusetocomplywiththelawwillbepunished.2)Heknowstheregulations,andifherefusestocomplywiththemhemusttaketheconsequences.abideby遵守,服从:1)Weagreedtoabidebyyourjudgment.2)Shewillabidebyherpromise.3)abideby承受:Youwillhavetoabidebytheconsequences.

11.[答案][D]When

[注释]逻辑结构搭配。when引导时间状语从句。

12.[答案][A]respect

[注释]结构搭配 。inrespectof.。.用来付…的钱(商业用语) ,例如:Thecompanygavehim$230inrespectoftheworkhehasdone.(公司给他230美元用来支付他的工钱)。inchargeof. 。.负责,例如:1)(作表语)Hewillbeinchargeofthewholefactorynextweekwhenthedirectorisaway.2)(作定语)TheofficerinchargerequestedArthurtoputonhisoutdoorclothes.inlinewith与…一致,符合 ,例如:1)(作表语)Someoftherecentactionsofthegovernmentarenotinlinewiththestatementofpolicyintheirelectionmanifesto.(政府最近的一些行动不符合他们在大选宣言中的政策声明)。2)(作状语)Inlinewithhistoryandsocialevolutionsocialismisinevitable.(按照历史和社会的发展,社会主义是必然的)。inplaceof 。..代替…,用…而不用… ,例如:TheChineseusechopsticksinplaceofknivesandforks.(中国人用筷子 ,而不用刀叉。)

13.[答案][D]specimens

[注释]词义搭配。specimen样本;specific细节;sign迹象,符号,牌;symbol象征 。

14.[答案][C]authority

[注释]词义搭配 。authority权力;reputation声誉;prestige声望;impact影响。

15.[答案][B]on

[注释]结构搭配。onacheque凭支票;on表示原因或根据 。

16.[答案][C]forge

[注释]词义搭配。forge(=invent)伪造 ,如:Hegotthemoneydishonestly,byforginghisbrother?ssignatureonacheck.forge的原意是“锻造”,例如:Theblacksmithforgedthehorseshoewithgreatskill.(这位铁匠熟练地锻造了这块马蹄铁)。printvt.印刷 ,出版,如:printbooks 。confirmvt.1)证实,肯定 ,确认:Theexperimentconfirmedhistheory.2)加强,坚定(信念等):Thelatestinformationconfirmsmybeliefthatheistoblame.(最新的信息坚定了我的信念:他应受责备)。3)批准,同意:Theagencyconfirmedthecontract.(这个机构批准了这个合同)。justifyvt.证明…是正确的 ,如:1)Youwillhavetojustifyyourworktoothers.(你得向其他人解释你的工作是对的) 。2)Thefactthatheannoyedyoudoesnotjustifyyourtreatinghiminthatway.(他触怒你这一事实并不能证明你那样对待他是正确的)。

17.[答案][B]skillful

[注释]词义搭配。skillful有技巧的,巧妙的;delicate精细的,纤细的;unique(同类中)独一无二的 。

18.[答案][A]risk

[注释]词义搭配。risk风险。risk可作及物动词用 ,后接名词或动名词 ,例如:1)Thebravemanriskedhislifeintryingtosavethechild.2)Hedidn?twanttoriskgettingwetashehadonlyonesuit.risk作名词用时常用的词组如下:1)attheriskof冒…的风险:Attheriskofoffendingyou,ImusttellyouthatIdisapproveofyourbehavior.2)run(ortake)arisk冒危险:Youarerunningabigriskintrustinghim.3)atrisk处于危险中:Thegovernment?sincomepolicyisseriouslyatrisk.

19.[答案][D]adopted

[注释]词义搭配 。adoptvt.采用,采取:Wemustadoptstrongmeasuresagainstanyenvironmentaldestruction.

20.[答案][B]facilitates

[注释]词义搭配 。facilitatevt.使…方便 ,促使,例如:1)Thebrokenlockfacilitatedmyentranceintotheemptyroom.2)Idecidedtoemployasecretaryinordertofacilitatethework.contributeto有助于,促使 ,例如:1)Plentyoffreshaircontributestogoodhealth.2)Cigarettesmokingisamajorfactorcontributingtolungcancer.3)Carscontributeairpollutioninthecity.resultin导致;leadto导致。

小结

按大纲规定“英语知识应用”,即完形填空,题材应为一篇240~280字的短文。本文是254字 ,符合大纲要求 。模拟题类型有逻辑搭配、词义搭配、结构搭配和惯用搭配,与2010年考题相一致。完形填空解题技巧是:把握主题 、抓住上下文的逻辑联系、分段解题、瞻前顾后 、各个击破,最后统观全文、查错补漏。完形填空解题时间通常为15分钟左右 。千万不要超时 ,以免挤占后面各项的解题时间。

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

21.[答案][D]massivebio?destruction.

[注释]词汇释义题。本题问:“ecocide ”的含义是什么?本题测试根据上下文推测词义的能力 。后面写到:荷兰卡尔卡那样的核工厂每年生产约200磅钚,只要一磅钚释放到大气层就可能使90亿人患肺癌。可见,戈夫曼博士在反核技术的观点中谈到的是“巨大的生物毁灭”。此外 ,从构词上看 ,eco?意为“生态”,?cide作为后缀,意为“杀灭 ” 。所以 ,ecocide意为“生态生物灭绝”。故应选[D]。

22.[答案][B]exemplifyoneofthepossiblecausesoflungcancer.

[注释]逻辑结构题 。本题问:根据课文,作者在第一段中提到钚是为了什么?解这类题的思路是从宏观看微观、从主题看细节 。本文的主题是讲“先进技术与癌症的因果关系”。第1段中作者讲到“只要一磅钚释放到大气层就可能使90亿人患肺癌 ”。可见,作者提到钚是要举出造成癌症原因的一个例子 。故应选[B]。[A]“估计欧洲核材料的数量 ” ,与全文主题和段落逻辑结构相悖。[C]“强调预防癌症所需要的措施”,段落中没有讲到措施 。[D]“表明工业废料的毁灭性能”,钚是核物质 ,并非一般工业废料。故[A],[C],[D]均不能入选。

23.[答案][A]factual.

[注释]语气判断题 。本题问:第2段的文体是什么?通读第2段 ,可以看出,作者举出许多实例来说明石棉是致癌物质之一。作者只是陈述事实,没有与人争论 ,也没有感情激动和讥讽。故排除argumentative(议论的) ,emotional(感情激动的),sarcastic(讥讽的) 。

24.[答案][C]researchwasnotpursuedtoasolution.

[注释]细节理解题。本题问:根据第3段,为什么有些工人死于有害污染物?第3段倒数第2句写道:“至少17名工人死于氯乙烯 ,原因是25年来研究工作没有一追到底。 ”10余年来,工人接触到的氯乙烯浓度是道尔化学公司硬性规定的“安全极限”的10倍 。故[C]“研究没有进行到问题解决”与原文相符 。

25.[答案][B]toughlegislationisneededtosetlowerlimitsofworkerexposuretoharmfulchemicals.

[注释]推理判断题。从本文可以推理,作者同意下面哪一看法?[A]“全国采用反污染装置才能最后防止癌症 ”过于偏激 ,实际上做不到。[C]“更多研究癌症的原因才能取得进一步的进展”,只是研究致癌原因,而不采取措施 ,于事无补 。[D]“必须使工业化减速以防止致癌物的扩散”属极端做法。[B]“建立更严厉的法律来限制工人接触有害化学物质 ”可从文中推断出,因为第3段后半段写道:“由于医学科学家和管理当局重视不够,许多工人在高浓度氯乙烯的环境中工作 ,健康和生命受到威胁”。而现行的各种限制标准比道尔公司规定的“安全极限”都高 。所以,可以推理,作者认为 ,需要更严格的法规来降低工人接触有害化学物质。故应选[B]。

注意:theofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburden公认的体内最大承受量 。biodegradable不能起生物递降分解作用的。

26.[答案][A]identifytheissuesthatwillnotbeaddressedinthetext.

[注释]细节理解题。本题问:作者在第1段中提出克隆方面的道德考虑问题其目的何在?第1段第1句写道:“克隆的话题从一开始就是一个在政治上和伦理上有争议的问题 。 ”接着作者说:“虽然这些问题的道德观和哲学观完全依赖于个人的解释说明 ,但是对克隆技术的应用还是可以进行客观研究的。”从这句话中可以看出,作者在本文中并不打算来论述克隆问题的道德观和哲学观,而是想客观地来研究克隆技术的应用问题。因此 ,[A]“来确认本文中不想陈述的问题”是作者提出该问题的目的 。

27.[答案][C]showthatartificialbirthtechniquesotherthancloninghavesucceeded.

[注释]细节理解题 。本题问:作者把注意力转到圣地亚哥动物园中的大熊猫幼仔“华妹 ”其目的何在?第2段最后一句写道:“就大熊猫而论,某些人工繁衍后代的技术已经施行,或许这就为下一步克隆大熊猫铺平了道路。 ”这句话说明 ,现在已经研究出一些人工繁衍后代的技术,这些技术虽不是克隆技术,但为下一步实施克隆技术铺平了道路。接着在第3段中作者以大熊猫幼仔“华妹”为例来说明 ,除克隆外,一些人工繁衍后代的技术(如人工授精技术)已经取得成功 。可见,[C]“表明 ,除了克隆以外其他一些人工繁殖技术已经取得成功”是正确选项。

注意:上述两题属于“深入应用题 ”,解这类题要求考生在理解文章中相关细节的基础上能够利用所获得的信息去发掘深层次的内涵。这类题难度较大 。希望考生深入研究命题思路,制定行之有效的应试对策。

28.[答案][D]informthereaderofhowcloningwouldbecarriedoutinthepandapopulation.

[注释]总结归纳题。本题问:第4段写来是为了什么?第4段第1句写道:“通过使用克隆技术来增加大熊猫的种群 ,这一计划涉及使用与大熊猫相关的物种——美国黑熊 。”接着作者详细阐述了这一克隆的全过程。可见 ,本段内容写来是向读者介绍如何在大熊猫种群中进行克隆工作。故答案非[D]莫属 。

29.[答案][B]displaybothsides?argumentsonanothercontentiousissueincloning.

[注释]总结归纳题。本题问:第5段写来是为了什么?第5段第1句陈述了在研究资金问题上克隆技术反对者的论据,而第2句则介绍了在经济能力问题上克隆技术支持者的论点。可见,选项[B]“摆出了在克隆方面另一个争论的问题上双方的论据”总结归纳了第5段的写作目的 。

30.[答案][B]anendangeredspecieswithmanylivingrelatedspecies.

[注释]推理判断题 。本题问:从本文所给信息中可以推理 ,下面哪一项会成为克隆的最佳候选者?[A]项无概括性,不能选用。至于[C]项,文中只讲到过去曾经采用人工授精的方法来繁殖大熊猫 ,但这不能推理说,过去成功采用人工技术繁殖的物种是克隆的最佳候选者。至于[D]“那些只能靠克隆来作为惟一可行的繁殖方法的物种 ”,文章中没有相关的细节可作为此推理的依据 ,故不能入选 。文章中说到大熊猫是濒临灭绝的动物,而且又有与它相关的物种(如美国黑熊)可以作为克隆媒体。可见,克隆的最佳候选者应具备以上两条 ,故[B]为正确选项。

31.[答案][C]Therearen?tmanypeoplewhoareevenfairlygood.

[注释]细节理解题 。本题问:关于讲外语,作者实际上说了什么?第1段第1句后半句写道:“。..butfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages”。此句与[C]的表述相符 。

32.[答案][C]aconsequenceofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectly.

[注释]细节理解题。本题问:作者争辩说,用错误的方法处理发音问题会产生什么后果?第1段第4句写道:“但是我认为 ,人们通常不能把外语说得更好的基本原因是他们没有理解学说外语的真实本质 ,因而从未着手正确处理这个问题。”本句与[C]的表述相符 。

33.[答案][D]Theteachingofpronunciationintheclassroom.

[注释]细节理解题。本题问:据说教师往往容易忘记的是什么?参阅第1段第6句中提供的信息:。..tendtoneglect,intheirpracticalteaching,thebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.此句与[D]的表述相符 。

34.[答案][C]histeacher?sapproachtopronunciation.

[注释]细节理解题 。本题问:学生重视培养正确的语言习惯取决于什么?最后一段第1句写道:“语言教师的教学方法中最基本 、最重要的是 ,他自己在每一个发音细节中及流利的说话中的课堂表演 、他示范口语的能力,这样就给学生潜在的模仿能力提供了最充分的发展范围和最有力的鼓励。 ”可见,学生重视培养正确的语言习惯取决于他的教师对发音的态度。故应选[C] 。

35.[答案][B]providealternativesamplesofnativespeech.

[注释]细节理解题。本题问:根据本文 ,对某位把自己的语言教给外国人的老师来说,视听辅助设施能起到什么作用?最后一段最后一句写道:“为了补充教师自己的工作,不管这样做可能在多大程度上令人满意 ,现代的教师可以方便地使用录音、收音机、电视和录像以便提供说外语的真实声音;或者如果教师正好是说这种语言的人或讲外语讲得像说本族语一样,那么就可以用来变换讲授语言材料的方法。”由此可见,视听辅助设施能“提供听说外国语言的替换形式” 。故[B]符合上面的表述。

注意:atone‘sdisposal供某人任意使用 ,可自行支配。例如:Studentshaveawell-stockedlibraryattheirdisposal.(有个藏书丰富的图书馆供学生们任意使用 。)

36.[答案][A]aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.

[注释]逻辑结构题。本题问:本文第1段的逻辑构思是什么?本段由两个长句构成。第1句中的关键词是“donotfollow ”,而第2句中的关键词是“Rather” 。由此可见,第1句是排除了一个常规模式 ,而第2句是介绍了另一种模式。选项[A]正好概括了本段的逻辑构思。

注意:这类题要求考生具有较强的抽象概括能力 。

37.[答案][C]havemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.

[注释]推理判断题 。本题问:有关第2段中提到的“研究管理的作家”本文暗示了什么?第2段写道:“一代又一代研究管理问题的作家已经认识到 ,有些执行经理主要依靠直觉。然而,总的来说,这些作家对直觉的内涵知之甚少。有些作家视直觉为理性之反面;而另一些作家把直觉当做反复无常的借口 。 ”由此推理 ,本文暗示,研究管理的作家们未能正确理解直觉的内涵而对直觉做出错误的判断。可见,[C]符合上述分析。[D]“他们没有承认直觉在经理工作中的作用 ”有较强的干扰性 。从第2段中我们看到只说到这些作家对直觉的理解有误 ,并未说没有承认直觉的作用(havenotacknowledgedtheroleofintuition)。故[D]不能入选。

38.[答案][C]toinitiatecleargoalsandintheendattainthem.

[注释]细节理解题 。本题问:根据本文,高级经理除了在哪一方面外都使用直觉?本题属细节辨认题,考生应参照文章逐一核对。第3段倒数第2句写道:“最后 ,经理们能够使用直觉绕过深度分析并迅速找到可行的解决办法。”选项[A]“加速提出问题的解决办法”与以上表述相符 。第3段第3句写道:“首先,他们凭直觉判断什么时候存在问题。 ”选项[B]“确定问题或汇集不同事实”与以上表述相符。第3段第7句写道:“第四,有些经理使用直觉来检验更为理性的分析结果 。”选项[D]“评价一个问题的各种可能解决办法 ”与上面的表述相符 。由此可见 ,[C]“提出明确目标并最终实现目标”并不是高级经理使用直觉所为,故应排除。

39.[答案][C]actionandanalysisinmanagerialpracticeinvariablyoccursimultaneously.

[注释]推理判断题。本题问:在提到经理工作中的思考/行动循环(第4段中)时,作者很可能怎么认为?从本文第4段和第5段我们可以看出 ,思考和行动是不可分割的 。在思考中形成行动 ,在行动中思考决策。本文最后一句更明确指出,思考/行动循环的一条含义是行动经常是对问题定义的一部分,而不仅仅是执行决策的一部分。可见 ,[C]为正确答案 。

40.[答案][B]ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.

[注释]推理判断题。本题问:从本文可以推理,下面哪一点最有可能是使用直觉做出决定的X经理与只使用正式的决策分析的Y经理之间在行为表现方面的一条重要区别?最后一段第1句中写道:“……高级经理经常提出一种行动方针来进一步了解某个问题。然后他们使用行动结果对问题形成一个更加完整的认识 。”这一表述符合选项[C]“X经理采取行动是为了找到问题的解决办法…… ”;而最后一段最后一句写道:“思考/行动循环的一条含义是行动经常是对问题定义的一部分,而不仅仅是执行决策的一部分。”由此看来 ,Y经理在这点上与X经理完全不一样。因此,正确答案应是[B] 。

小结

1)按大纲规定阅读部分4篇文章总字数为1600左右。本卷阅读模拟题总字数为1769,符合考试大纲要求。

2)从本卷4篇文章的题材来看 ,第1篇是讲先进技术与癌症的因果关系,第2篇是讲利用克隆技术繁殖濒临灭绝的野生动物,第3篇是语言学习 ,第4篇是经济管理 。可见,其题材与近年考题的题材相符 。

3)从本卷4篇文章的题目类型来看,有细节理解题 、细节辨认题、总结归纳题、词语释义题 、推理判断题、逻辑结构题和全文主旨题。与2010年模拟题类型完全一致。本部分模拟题一般来说前两篇文章稍易、题目难;后两篇文章稍难 、题目不难 。

4)“阅读理解”解题时间通常为60~65分钟。考生应根据实际情况调整解题时间。要牢记先易后难!

5)解题方法:先浏览第1段 ,尽可能找到全文主题信息词 。然后扫描第1题 ,划出题干中的信息词,到相应段落中寻找相关的信息词,划出信息词、搜索目标信息 ,比对4个选项,排除干扰项,确定正确答案。其他4题以此类推。如题目顺序与段落顺序不一致 ,要以变应变、机动灵活 。

PartB

这一题型主要考查考生区分论点与论据 、把握论点与论据一致性的能力。该题型要求考生根据小标题和段首句(通常是论点),从多个选项中找到支持相应论点的论据。

41.[答案][B]

[注释]Twotypesofstress(两种类型的压力) 。段首句明确指出,这两类压力是体力上的压力和心理上的压力。选项[B]具体阐述这两种压力以及它们的区别:“活动可以使人放松并有助于忘记精神和情感压力。(Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.) ”“而精神压力几乎总是对你有害 。如果精神压力不减轻 ,它能引起各种疾病,如溃疡病……”(Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelieved,itcancausediseasessuchasulcers , 。..)。上下文在逻辑上保持连贯性。解这类题时要注意上下文中关键信息词的前后呼应和论点与论据的一致性 。

42.[答案][F]

[注释]Effectsofstress—physicaloremotional(压力造成的影响——体力的或情感的)。段首句指出:“压力,不管其根源是体力的还是情感的,同样会使身体做出反应。”选项[F]从两个阶段来具体说明身体的反应:“在第一阶段 ,你的身体准备去迎接压力…在第2阶段 ,你的身体恢复正常并且修复由于压力造成的损坏 。 ”下文表示语气的转折:“然而,如果压力继续存在,身体就不能自身修复 ,这样,最后阶段,即精力耗尽 ,就开始了… ”注意上下文中关键信息词的连接以及论点与论据之间逻辑上的一致性。

43.[答案][G]

[注释]Guilty—useful,thoughmostharmful(内疚——有用,尽管很有害)。从小标题可以看出下面将阐述内疚的有用性 。但段首句却先从反面说 ,内疚或许是所有压力中最有害的。接着选项[G]具体说明这种常见情感的有用的一面,即有助于人们认识自己的错误。

44.[答案][A]

[注释]Instances—noneedtofeelguilty(事例——不必感到内疚) 。段首句写道:“然而,我们中许多人小时候学到了一些我们现在不再需要的规则。”可见 ,下面要引证不需要感到内疚的具体事例。故应选[A] 。

45.[答案][C]

[注释]Lifewithalittlestress—significant(有一点压力的生活很有意义) 。段首句先从反面来论证:没有压力的生活,如退休后无所事事,会令人厌倦。选项[C]从正面来说明:我们需要一点压力使我们对生活永远积极进取 ,但要适可而止、正确处理 ,如干点体力活儿以便消除烦恼。

小结

1.选择搭配题的考点是:

1)语段结构:段首句、扩展句和结论句之间在逻辑上的一致性 。

2)语篇结构:起 、承 、转、合。段落与段落之间语篇结构的连贯性。

3)逻辑结构:语段内论点与论据的逻辑一致性 。小标题与段落内容在逻辑上的一致性。

2.选择搭配题的解题思路是:

1)第一种题型:浏览全文、把握主题,分段解题 、关键信息词连结,针对题目、各个突破。

2)第二种题型:吃透第一段 ,注意段落结尾句和段首句的承上启下功能,狠抓段落与段落之间联系的形态标志(信息词)和逻辑衔接,先慢后快 。

3)第三种题型:把握语段内论点与论据的一致性。

4)第四种题型:浏览段落 ,把握小标题与段落在内容上的一致性。

3.解题时间:20分钟左右 。

PartC

46.[答案]

于是,我们在已经达到舒适和幸福所必需的生活水准后,是继续再往上提高呢 ,还是停留在这种水平上,而去缩短工作时间?人类很可能选择了后者。

47.[答案]

减轻家庭主妇的日常事务的最合理的措施是提供一个机器人佣人,它可以被训练来满足某一个家庭的各种需要并且在家庭主妇启动它时 ,它能按预定程序完成几件或几件以上的一般性作业。

[注释]relievesb.ofsth.使某人减轻/解除某事 。carryout完成;执行 。beprogrammedtodosth.按预定程度(计划)做某事。

48.[答案]

它将是一部和汽车一样没有情感的机器,但它有一个指令储存器,并具有一定程度的受指令控制的或内装的适应能力 ,即根据它发现的各类物体所处的情况做相应的调整。

[注释]nomore. 。.than与…一样都不… ,如:1)JackisnomorediligentthanJohn.(杰克和约翰一样都不勤奋。)2)Yourstorytodayisnomoreconvincingthantheoneyesterday.(你今天讲的和昨天讲的一样不能令人信服。)

49.[答案]

但是当有人向这些家庭主妇说明,可以毫不费力地把它关掉,或拔掉插头 ,或让它停下来,或任何时候都可以让它走开并把自己收拾在橱柜内,她们很快就认识到 ,这是一件她们非常想要的东西 。

[注释]plugn.插头;vt.把插头插上。unplugvt.把插头拔掉。putaway把…收拾好,例如:Putawayyourbookswhenyoufinishyourwork.最好把them的指代关系翻译出来,否则可能会扣分 。

50.[答案]

现在人们普遍认为 ,没有比晚上去睡觉时知道你睡着以后有机器人在楼下替你洗餐具更高兴的事了。

[注释]washingup洗餐具。

小结

本文划线句子的难度与2010年考研模拟题基本同步 。5个句子的长度分别为:25字,28字,39字 ,44字和24字,总计160字。按考试大纲要求,英译汉划线句子的总字数为150字左右。英译汉解题时间一般为30分钟左右 。在划线句子中如遇不认识的词 ,可根据上下文的逻辑联系推测其概念性含义 。

SectionⅢWriting

PartA

51.写请假条[参考样文]

DearMr.Wang ,

Ibegtoapplyforoneweek’sleaveofabsencefromthe10thtothe16thinstant,bothdaysinclusive,soastogohometoseemymother ,whoisseriouslyillinhospital.

Tosupportmyapplication,Iherewithsubmitthetextofashortmessagetothateffectreceivedfrommyfather.

Ishallverymuchappreciateitifyoucouldapprovemyrequest.Asfarastheworktobeheldupduetomyabsenceisconcerned,IwilltryhardtocompensateforitassoonasIgetback.

Thankyouforyourattention.

Yourssincerely

LiMing

(101words)

注:Ibegtoapplyfor.。.兹申请…。instant(=ofthepresentmonth)本月(用于日期后) 。herewith同此 ,随信。submit提交。tothateffect上述内容的 。holdup耽误。compensatefor弥补。

此文必须背熟,类似便笺很可能要考!

参考译文:

尊敬的王先生:

兹因母亲病重住院,特恳求请假一周回家探望 ,从本月10日起到16日止 。

附上父亲发来的有关手机短信,以兹证明。

如果你批准我的请求,我将万分感激。至于请假所耽误的工作 ,待我返回后定将努力补上 。

多谢关照。

此致

敬礼

李明

PartB

52.[参考样文]

Asisdepictedinthefirstpicture,afarmerwasworkinginthefields.Allofasuddenhesawaharerunninginthedistance,onlytodashitselfagainstabigstump.Theharewasseriouslyinjuredandcouldnotmoveanymore.Themancameoverand ,tohisdelight ,pickeditupandwenthomehappily.Thesecondpictureshowsthatthefarmerwassittingnearthestump,waitingforanotherharetoappear.Butnothingsimilarhappenedatall.

Thesetofpicturestellsusthatthosewhodreamofreapingwithoutsowingwillachievenothing.Ironically,therearealotofpeopleinourlifewhoareunwillingtomakepainstakingeffortsbutgreedyforsuccess.Theytendtotrusttochanceandluck.Mypreviousexperiencesinstudyandworkhaveproventhatinordertosucceed ,firstandforemost,oneshouldbebothhardworkingandpersevering.Weshouldstriveforpossiblesuccess.Thereisnoreasonforustolooktoanyaccidentalgain.

Inmyopinion,atnotimeandonnoaccountshouldwetrusttochanceorluck.Somyconclusionisthatsuccessresultsfromhardwork.(199words)

注:inthedistance在远处。“onlyto+动词”意为“结果却… ” ,表示与主观愿望相反的客观结果 。stump树桩 。reapingwithoutsowing不劳而获。trustto.。.依靠(运气等) 。persevering有毅力的。lookto.。.依赖或指望某人提供某事物或做某事 。industryn.勤奋。

小结

PartA为应用文中的便笺(Note)。PartB为提纲漫画作文,与近年考试的命题形式基本一致;这种命题形式不仅要求考生描绘情境,而且要求考生说明内涵并结合实际生活经历发表个人的见解 。考生应从参考作文中归纳出短文框架、段落结构和常用句型 ,以达到举一反三 、触类旁通的目的。要通过背诵和改写,达到活用的目的。短文写作解题时间PartA一般为15分钟左右,而PartB一般为30分钟左右 。

八极拳