翻译硕士#语言学导论部分重难点总结[一]

类目：三人行考研网>翻译硕士>正文

时间：2018-12-1814:12:04

语言学是以语言为研究对象的科学。它研究的对象主要就是人类的语言 ，包括语言的各个方面 。语言学研究的任务包括研究
、描写语言的结构、功能及其历史发展
，揭示语言的本质，探索语言的共同规律 ，所以语言学是一个很抽象的学科但是它又牵扯到我们日常生活中语言的具体呈现形式
，因此初识语言学，我们要了解的就是它研究层次的分类 ，即分为宏观语言学和微观语言学
，这也是语言学导论部分的第一个知识点
。总体来说，语言学导论重点包括以下内容：

1.语言学的定义(thedefinitionoflinguistics)

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butthelanguageofallhumansociety,languageingeneral.Itisascientificstudy,basedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Thefourprinciplesthatmakelinguisticsascienceareexhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivity.Asascience,linguisticsnowhasasetofestablishedtheories,methodsandsub-branches.

在这段话中 ，重要的词为thescientificstudyoflanguage.在回答语言学定义的相关问题时，须要有这句话。

2.语言学的分支(thebranchesoflinguistics)

在回答这个问题时
，首先要搞清楚语言学分为微观和宏观两个方面，然后才分别阐述微观语言学和宏观语言学具体包括哪些内容 。

Linguisticsisclassifiedintomicro-linguisticsandmacro-linguistics.

Micro-linguisticsincludephonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semanticsandpragmatics.Phoneticsstudiesthespeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thesoundsofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc..Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Syntaxstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Itidentifiespermissiblesequencesinalanguageandtherelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure.Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguagecaninfluenceinterpretation.

Macro-linguisticsincludeappliedlinguistics,sociolinguistics,psycholinguisticsandmanyotherbranches.

3.语言的定义特征(thedesignfeaturesoflanguage)

关于语言的定义特征 ，不同的教材有不同的版本
，但是基本都是基于以下几个特征分别阐述的
。

(1)Arbitrariness(任意性):Thisisacorefeatureoflanguage,whichmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning.ThisfeaturewasfirstdiscussedbySaussure.Therearedifferentlevelsofarbitrariness:arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofmorphemeanditsmeaningarbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevelarbitrarinessandconvention.

(2)Duality(双重性):Itmeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Atthelowerorbasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thentheunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.Totalkaboutdualitywemustnoticethatlanguageishierarchical.

(3)Creativity(创造性或能产性):Bycreativitywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Becauseofdualitythespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverproducedorheardbefore.Languageiscreativeinanothersense,thatis,itspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthispossibility.(creativity在某些版本里又被称为productivity)

(4)Displacement(移位性):Bydisplacementitmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandlegeneralizationsandabstractions.Inaword,theintellectualbenefitsofdisplacementtousisthatitmakesitpossibleforustotalkandthinkinabstractterms.

(5)Culturaltransmission(文化传递性):Languageisnotbiologicallytransmitted.Instead,itisculturallytransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearning.