考研真题笔记模板题库资源推介平台
工作时间:9:00 ~ 21:00
考研英语阅读理解推理题主要考查的是考生的判断、推理和引申能力。这种题型考查考生在现实生活中的阅读技能即快速 、准确推导出所需信息的能力,要求考生能够看懂题目提供的四个选项并在文中检索相关信息 。这种题目比较耗费时间 ,在紧张的考试中,容易给考生带来心理压力,因此面对此类题型考生首先要调整心理状态,细致冷静地返回到文章中 ,结合语境,运用逻辑思维去推导答案。这里请考生一定要记住:西方人习惯用从个别到一般的演绎思维模式;不同于中国人的从一般到个别的归纳思维方式。
面对判断原则的题目,考生必须先读懂题目所给的四个选项 ,记住它们的意思,返回原文去扫描,搜寻信息点 ,与题目不相关的句子、语段很快掠过,相关信息语言区域则要求考生必须细致地对照原文中的信息,来推倒出相关结论。
引申即为词汇的内涵 ,与外延(字面意义)相对,是需要我们结合上下文即语境来理解说话人或作者的真实想法 。例如,当你对你的朋友说:“咱们周末一起去吃饭吧!”而你的朋友回答道:“我最近有考试。 ”那么在正常情况下 ,你就知道对方没时间和你度周末。可见语境是我们理解话语(discourse)的试金石 。并且引申也常常用隐喻的方式表达。
一、推理题学习方法指导
从广义上讲,几乎所有的考研题都是推理题,不会从字面意思告诉你问题的答案,考研的试题追求的是对文章的深层理解及推理 ,所以从这个意义上说全部的题目都属于该范畴。
从狭义上看,该类题型指题干上有三个典型词,即infer ,imply和conclusion 。如:Whatcanyouinferfromthestory?或Whatistheimpliedmeaningofthissentence?Wecandrawtheconclusionfromthepassagethat…,推理性问题原文中没有现成的答案。答案是你自己推想出来的,但不能凭空瞎想,必须以原文中某句话或某个词语为依据去合理推测才能找到合适的答案。
逻辑推理关系解题方法及步骤如下:
1.解题方法
(1)要做好推理判断题 ,要求考生能够充分理解阅读文章、分析语篇特征 、寻找解题依据 。考生应该在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断;
(2)要理解文章的字面意思,弄清上下文的整体逻辑;其次,在阅读过程中要一定要留意那些似乎话中有话的间接表达句 ,它们往往采用说半句、打比喻、反过来讲的方式,留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余地,同时要留意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子。同学们对作者表达的意思不能一下看透 ,它们往往是命题点所在;
(3)要精读题干,充分了解题目要求我们进行推理和判断的内容,以免白费力气;
(4)仔细挖掘作者隐藏在文章中的一些重要涵义,切勿用自己的主观判断来代替文章内容。
2.解题步骤
第一步:通读全文 ,尤其是首末段,迅速得知文章的主旨大意;
第二步:通读选项,在每个选项下边用笔标记本选项的大致中文意思 ,以做到心中有数,至少应该能知道可以供考生选择的选项的意思范围,并且在很短的时间里找到考生想找到的选项;
第三步:迅速找到定位段落 ,重点关注定位段落的段落中心句和转折等逻辑关系后的内容,因为推理引申题的答案一般的对文章或是段落中心句的同义替换;
第四步:在时间允许的情况下,明确该题你所排除的选项的错误之处 ,进而进一步确定你所选答案是否正确 。因为考研阅读选的是最佳答案,考生最好是在全面衡量四个选项之后确定这个答案。
二 、判断、推理和引申题的两种题型
1.一正三误
一正三误题型要求考生找出四个选项中惟一正确的一个。检验答案时要注意这种题型最常采用的三种命题方式:正话反说、反话正说和关键词替换。
1997年第64题:
Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofnation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It’saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.
AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany’smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.
Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany'srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T’sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats. ”
Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders’meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociety’sills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.
The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited, ”saysLuce.“Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.”
Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat.
[A]LuceisaspokesmanofTimeWarner
[B]GeraldLevinisliabletocompromise
[C]TimeWarnerisunitedasoneinthefaceofthedebate
[D]SteveRossisnolongeralive
第一段的最后一句暗示了什么?
这是一个标准的三误一正的推理引申题 。正确答案:D
2.三正一误
三正一误题型要求考生判断哪一个选项与文章不符。检验答案时有两种方式,一是正确选项所给的信息在文中根本没有提到过 ,二是正确选项所给信息与文中其他内容相互冲突。
1996年第56题:
WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslisteningtoit.
AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannuallicensefeeof£83perhousehold.
Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years—yettheBBC'sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.
ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC—includingordinarylistenersandviewers—tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.
DefendersoftheCorporation—ofwhomtherearemany—arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’tbroken,don'tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke ”,theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?
YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels—TVandChannel4—wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels—fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’subscriptions—whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.
Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisnotmentionedasthekeyissue?
[A]ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.
[B]Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.
[C]Potentialsforfurtherinternationalco-operations.
[D]Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.
下列哪一项BBC没有作为一个关键问题提及?
这是一个标准的三正一误推理引申题 。正确答案:C。
泰迪