翻译硕士#2014年四川外国语大学翻译硕士英语

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2014年四川外国语大学全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试试题

翻译硕士英语

I.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriatewordsderivedfromthewordsgiveninparenthesesattheendofthesentences.(10%)

1.Thefrontarmytroopswere_________byalargecontingentofstudentsfromthemilitaryacademy.(strength)

2.Iwaslookingforwardtoacasualstroll,buthewalkedata_________pace.(vigor)

3.A_________ofculturesorideasoccurswhentwoverydifferentculturesorpeoplemeetandconflict.(collide)

4.The_________purposeofscientificdiscourseisnotthemerepresentationofinformationandthought,butratheritsactualcommunication.(fundament)

5._________today’sdigitalrevolutionservesahostofpracticalconcerns,suchascommunicatingandaccessinginformationmorequicklyandefficiently.(admit)

6._________Withtheaimofeliminatinganypossible_________,wesuggestsomechangesofwordingtoclarifythestatusoftheunofficialadvice.(ambiguous)

7.Itriedtoseeit,_________theinvisibleandimmeasurableenergyofmassofanatom,acell,apersonIcouldalmostseeit.(vision)

8.Somepearlshavea(n)_________shape,buttheyareshinyandbeautifulnonetheless.(regular)

9.InthemoviesandcomicbooksWolverinealmostcomesoutas_________,likeSuperman.(destruct)

10.Duringthepasttwodecades,dozensofinvestigatorsthroughouttheworldhaveaskedseveralhundredthousand_________sampledpeopletoreflectontheirhappinessandsatisfactionwithlifeorwhatpsychologistscall“subjectivewellbeing. ”(represent)

II.ForeachsentencebelowtherearefourchoicesA,B,C,andD.ChoosetheanswerthatBESTcompletesthesentence.ThenwritethecorrectletterontheAnswerSheet.(20%)

11.Whentravelinginaforeigncountry,itiswiseto_________tothehabitsofthenatives.

A.yieldB.conform

C.submitD.turn

12.Evenwiththe_________oftheInternetand24-hournews,itisstillacomplexenterprisetogetpeopletotrulyseetheproblemsofracialdiscrimination.

A.adventB.adventure

C.accessD.accession

13.Weshouldcritically_________whateverisbeneficialinliteratureandartsfromwesterncountries.

A.accommodateB.assimilate

C.assortD.associate

14.Manydrugthedoctorcangiveyouhaveharmfulsideeffects,andconsideringanatural_________isoftenabetterandpopularoption.

A.optionB.choice

C.alternativeD.selection

15.Becauseheworeaqueercollectionofclothesandtalkedtohimself,hisneighboursconsideredhim_________.

A.ecstaticB.electronic

C.eccentricD.eclectic

16.Initsownright,theroyalhighlandshowisthelargesttradeexhibitionofagricultural_________intheUK.

A.machineB.mechanics

C.mechanismD.machinery

17.Theaimoftheirrevolutionistoleavescientistsfreetocontinueresearch,_________byanyregulation.

A.restrainedB.deputed

C.controlledD.unfettered

18.TheEuropeanCommissionspokesmanGoochsaidatapressconferencethataftertheEuropeanCommissionhasofficiallynotifiedtheWTO,“TheEUcanfeelfreetoimpose_________tariffsonUSproducts.
”

A.relinquishB.retaliatory

C.revolutionaryD.retribution

19.Thecharter-schoolmovementintheUnitedStatesdevelopedinthe1990sasareactiontothe_________failureofpublicschools,especiallyintheinnercities.

A.perceivedB.received

C.conceivedD.deceived

20.Thisnovelwoncriticalpraisewhile_________astormofcontroversywithitscandidandrawdescriptionsofadolescentlust.

A.stirringB.activating

C.triggeringD.teasing

21.UnlikeKeynesianism,monetarismeschewsdirectgovernmentcontrolbymeansoftaxationandspending_________imposinglimitsonthenation’smoneysupply.

A.withregardtoB.forthesakeof

C.infavorofD.toextentof

22.He_________incourtthathehadseentheprisonerrunoutofthebankafterithadbeenrobbed.

A.justifiedB.witnessed

C.testifiedD.identified

23.Ifwecanfindapproachesthatmeettheneedsofthepoorinwaysthatgenerateprofitsforbusinessandvotesforpoliticians,wewillhavefounda_________waytoreduceinequityintheworld.

A.sustainableB.susceptible

C.supposableD.suspensible

24.ScholarscometotheagreementthattheMalthusiancatastrophehasalreadyoccurredinisolatedculturesthathadnomeansof_________resources.

A.refiningB.refreshing

C.rejoicingD.replenishing

25.Cocaine’seffectsonthehearthave_________goneunnoticed,becausepatientsoftenlieaboutheiruseofdrug.

A.largelyB.purposefully

C.strangelyD.effortlessly

26.Hepossesseda(n)_________intelligencethatputhimincompanywiththegreatestsocialthinkersoftheday.

A.frivolousB.reliable

C.uncannyD.underlying

27.Aformofbiologicalpestcontrolistoincludevariousplantsinagardenorfieldthatareknownnaturallyto_________parasiticpeststhatareknowntobringdiseaseanddestruction.

A.deterB.defer

C.demurD.debut

28.Potteryenabledprimitivepeopletoboilandsteamfood,whichinturnallowedthemtogain_________fromnewandmorevariedsources.

A.sustenanceB.subsidiary

C.substanceD.supplement

29.Therightsideofthebodyiscontrolledbythemoreinfluentiallefthemisphereofhumanbrain,causingtherightsidetobemore_________atphysicaltasks.

A.skillfulB.proficient

C.expertD.adept

30.Advancesinfoodpreservationgaveconsumersindevelopedcountriesaccessto_________allfoodsgrownindistantlands.

A.extensivelyB.virtually

C.artificiallyD.continually

III.ReadingComprehension(40%)

ReadingPassage1

Questions31-40arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

A.1.Feministtheatreisagenrethatcametobewidelyrecognized,theorized,studiedandpracticedinthewakeoftheseventies’Women’sLiberationMovement2.ithasgenerallybeenunderstoodasdescribingandencompassingdiversetheatricalworkmotivatedbytherecognitionofandresistancetowomen’smarginalizationwithinsocialandculturalsystemsthataccordmaleprivilegeanddominance.3.Observingthis,however,itisimportanttorememberthathistoricallywomenhave“acted”outtheirresistancetomainstream,male-dominatedtheatrecultures,andthat,sincetheseventies,feminist-theatrescholarshiphaslookedtorecovertheworksandperformancesofneglectedpioneering,women-in-theatrefigures.4.Forinstance,suchscholarshiphasservedtouncoverthedramatictextsofthetenth-century,playsbyRestorationwomenplaywrightsanddramasbyEdwardianwomenconcernedwithsuffrageandtheWomanQuestion.

B.5.Intheseventies,recognitionthatwomen’scultural,social,sexual,economicandpoliticalliveshadbeenoppressedbymaledominationwaswhatfueledaclimateofWesternfeminism.6.Womencametogetherinconsciousness-raisinggroupstosharetheirpersonaldiscontentsandpoliticaldissatisfactions.7.Theinequalitiesoftheworkplace,theeducationsystem,the“institution ”ofmotherhoodandtheobjectificationofwomen’sbodieswerecommongrievancesthatservedtoshapethefourpoliticaldemandsoftheUK’sWomen’sLiberationMovementforequalpay,equaleducationandopportunity,24-hournurseriesandfreecontraceptionandabortionondemand.

C.8.Asaprofession,theatrewasamicrocosmofthediscriminationandinequalitiesoperatinginsocietyatlarge.9.In1981,feministplaywrightandcritic,MicheleneWandor,publishedananalysisoftheatreandsexualpoliticsthatmadeexplicitwomen’ssecond-class,“understudy”statusinamale-dominatedtheatreindustry.10.Thelived,professionalexperienceofbeingconsignedtotheroleofunderstudyiswhat,inturn,encouragedwomenpractitionerstofoundtheirownfeminist-theatregroups.11.MonstrousRegiment,alongwiththeWomen’sTheatreGroup(bothcompanieswerefoundedinthemid-seventies),wereseminaltotheinnovationofafeminist-theatretraditionandtocreatingacounter-culturalbodyofwomen’splaysandperformances.12.ManymoregroupsweretofollowintheirwakesuchasClapperclaws(1977)andMrs.Worthington’sDaughters(1979).13.Thesecompaniesplayednotonlysmall-scaletouringvenuesbutwerenetworkedintowomen’scommunitiesthathostedshowsinnon-theatrespaces,suchasschools,communityhallsoryouthclubs.14.Bothorganizationallyandcreativelytheyoperateddemocraticallyandcollaboratively,ratherthanhierarchicallyandindividualistically.Ensemble-basedactingandpresentationalstyleswerewidelyadopted.

D.15.Withtheoutcropoffeministgroupscamemoreopportunitiesforwomenplaywrights,andbythemidtolateseventies,CarylChurchill,PamGems,andLouisePageweremovingdramaticrepresentationsofwomen’slivesandexperiencescenter-stage---thisasacounter-culturalchallengeandalternativetothe“malestream
”,canonicaltraditionoftheatre.16.Thereafter,womendramatistscomingtoprominenceintheeightiesincludedSarahDaniels,AprilDeAngelis,WinsomePinnockandTimberlakeWertenbaker.17.AstestimonytotheemergenceofabodyofWomen’splaywriting,muchofwhichwasinfluencedbySecondWavefeminism,in1982MethuenDramalaunchedthePlaysByWomenseries.18.ThefirstoffourplaystobepublishedinvolumeoneoftheserieswasCarylChurchill’sVinegarTom:aplayaboutwitchcraftwithoutanywitchesaplaywheresceneslocateintheseventeenthcentury,butsongsintersperseandbreakuptheactiontoinsistthatwomen’soppressionisnotconsignedtothehistoricalpastbutisanurgentcontemporaryissue.19.StylisticallyinnovativeandpoliticallychargedandpremeredbyMonstrousRegiment,VinegarTomalongwithother“women’s”playsbyChurchillsuchasCloudNineorTopGirls,provedseminaltodefiningafeministlandscapeinBritishtheatreandwerehighlyinfluentialintermsofstudyingandtheorizingfeministtheatre,aestheticallyandpolitically.

[E]20.FeministtheatreandperformancethatemergedfromtheSecondWavelargelycametobedefined,understoodandanalyzedinrelationtothreetypesoffeminism:bourgeois/liberal,radical/culturalandsocialist/materialist.21.Listedinthatorder,thethreefeminismwerehierarchicallyconceived,withbourgeois/liberalfeminismpositedasthepolitically“weakest ”giventhatitneitherendorsedradical/culturalfeminism’sdesiretooverthrowpatriarchyinfavorofwomen’ssocial,culturalandsexualempowerment,noradvocatedtheradicaltransformationofsociety’seconomic,politicalandsocialstructuresassocialist/materialistfeminismdid.22.Eachfeministdynamicalsohaditsaestheticcounterpart:bourgeois/liberalfeminismremainedattachedtoconventionalrealisticforms,butsoughttocreatemorerolesforwomenwithintheconfinesoftraditionaldramaticwritingradical/culturalfeminismbecameassociatedwithandexploredideasandpossibilitiesofa“women’slanguage
”techniquesandperformanceregisters.

[F]23.However,themediabacklashagainstfeminismintheeighties,thewidelypromoted“top-girlFeminism”(ascritiquedbyChurchillinherplay),andthereaftertheindividualisticallystyled“girlpower ”oftheninetiesandayounger,feministThirdWavechallengingthepoliticsandvaluesofSecondWavefeminism,haveallcombinedtomakefeministtheatrethatmuchhardertogenericallydefineandidentify.24.Resistantvoicesinthenineties,suchasRebeccaPilchardandJudyUpton,pickedupthecomplexfeministbatonbydramatizingdisenchantedanddisadvantagedcommunitiesofyoungwomen.25.TheiconoclastSarahKane,whiledistancingherselffromtheSecond-wavefeministtradition(notablybyherrejectionofthe“woman
”writerlabel),nonethelessreinvigratedstructuresoffeministfeelingthroughherrepresentationsofgenderwarsanddiseasedmasculinities,notablyinhercontroversialdebutplay,Blasted.

[G]26.Asagrowingnumberofyounger“women”playwrightsmaketheirdebutsoncontemporaryBritishstages,itbecomesincreasinglyclearthattheirdiversesubject---thefinancialcrashoftheAmericanenergycompanyEnron(Prebble,Enron),middle-classgirlsintrouble,challengethegazeofthefeministcriticthatformerlylookedtodramaexplicitlytakingandplayingthedisenfranchised“woman’spart. ”27.Indeed,inthetheatreofDebbieTuckerGreen,arguablyoneofthemostexcitingpoliticalvoicestoemergeontheBritishstageinthetwenty-firstcentury,feminismitselfcomesunderscrutinyas,inhersignaturestyleofbeautifulbutbrutal,blackurban-speak,inplayssuchasTradeandStoningMary,Greeninterrogatestheinabilityofwomentoachievesolidarityacrosssocial,cultural,economicandracialdivideswithinalarger,epiclandscapeofawhiteWesternworldthatsingularlyfailstocarefordisempowered“others.
”

[H]28.Insum,feministfuturesandthefutureoffeministtheatreappearfarlesscertainthaninthedefiningmomentofseventiesactivismandpoliticaltheatremaking.29.Yet,as“women”playwrightsandpractitionersdramatizeepicquestionsofsocialinjusticesandinequalitiesinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld,orevidenceconcernforwhatpartfeminismcanplayintermsofstagingsociallyprogressive,transformativepossibilitiesandsolutions,enduringquestionsofgenderprivilegeandbiasthatformerlyfueledthegenre,surfaceasconstantandsignificantremindersoftheunfinishedbusinessoffeministtheatre.

Questions31-35

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?OnyourAnswerSheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriter

NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVERNifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis.

31.Feministtheatredescribedandencompasseddiversetheatricalworkwhichwasmotivatedbytherecognitionofandresistancetowomen’smarginalization.

32.Beforetheseventies,thereweresomepioneering,women-in-theatrefigureswhocreateimmortalworkstofightagainstmainstream,male-dominatedtheatrecultures,buttheyandtheireffortswereneglected.

33.Intheseventies,aclimateofWesternfeminismappearedbecausewomenbegantorealizetheirlowerpositionincultural,social,sexual,economicandpoliticallives.

34.Intheseventies,womenpractitionersfoundedtheirownfeminist-theatregroupstoexpresstheirdissatisfactionofbeingconsignedtotheroleofunderstudyintheprofessionoftheatre.

35.Intotal,fourwavesoffeminismhavebeenmentionedinthepassage.

Questions36---40

Foreachquestionbelow,choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

36.Whichofthefollowingseemstobethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

A.FeministTheatre:HistoryandFuture

B.FeministTheatre:FamousFeminist-TheatreGroups

C.FeministPlaywrightsandTheirEminentWorks

D.FeministandItsInfluenceonTheatre

37.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaboutCarylChurchill?

A.Togetherwithotherwomenplaywrights,shemoveddramaticrepresentationsofwomen’slivesandexperiencescenter-stage.

B.HerVinegarTomwasoneofthefourplaysofthePlaysByWomenseries.

C.Allofherplayswerehighlyinfluentialintermsofstudyingandtheorizingfeministtheatre,aestheticallyandpolitically.

D.Shecriticizedthewidelypromoted“top-girlfeminism ”inherplay.

38.AmongthethreetypesoffeminismrelatedtotheSecondWave,bourgeois/liberalfeminismwasconsideredasthepolitically“weakest
”because__________.

A.itdidendorseradical/culturalfeminism’sdesiretooverthrowpatriarchyinfavorofwomen

B.unlikesocialist/materialistfeminism,itdidnotadvocatetheradicaltransformationofsociety’seconomic,politicalandsocialstructures

C.itremainedattachedtoconventionalrealisticforms,butsoughttocreatemorerolesforwomenwithintheconfinesoftraditionaldramaticwriting

D.bothAandB

39.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthefeministtheatreinthenineties?

A.Theindividualisticallystyled“girlpower”madefeministtheatremuchhardertogenericallydefineandidentify.

B.Despitethebacklashagainstfeminismfromthemedia,womendramatistscametoprominence.

C.Resistantvoicesdramatizeddisenchantedanddisadvantagedcommunitiesofyourwomen.

D.RebeccaPrichardandJudyUptoncontinuedtosupportfeministtheatremovement.

40.WhichofthefollowingaboutfeministplaywrightsisNOTtrue?

A.Theydramatizetheepicquestionsofsocialinjusticesandinequalitieswomenhavebeenfacing.

B.Theyreflectedonwomen’ssecond-classand“understudy ”statusinamale-dominatedtheaterindustry.

C.Whenyounger“women”playwrightsmaketheirdebutsoncontemporaryBritishstages,theybroughtwiththemdiversesubjects.

D.Restorationwomenplaywrightsformedacollectivelyrecognizedforcelongbeforetheseventiesscholarship“rediscovered
”them.

ReadingPassage2

Questions41-45arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

A.1.Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars,weshouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnalspeciesonthisplanet.2.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight.3.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdon’tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeingsanymorethanwethinkofourselvesasprimatesormammalsorEarthlings.4.Yetit’stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe’vedonetothenight:We’veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.

B.5.Thiskindofengineeringisnodifferentthandammingariver.6.Itsbenefitscomewithconsequences---calledlightpollution---whoseeffectsscientistsareonlynowbeginningtostudy.7.Lightpollution---theartificiallightthatilluminatesmorethanitsintendedtargetarea---hasbecomeaproblemofincreasingconcernacrossthecountryoverthepast15years.8.Inthesuburbs,whereover-litshoppingmallparkinglotsarethenorm,only200oftheMilkyWay’s2,500starsarevisibleonaclearnight.9.Evenfewercanbeseenfromlargecities.10.Inalmosteverytown,bigandsmall,streetlightsbeamjustasmuchlightupandoutastheydodown,illuminatingmuchmorethanjustthestreet.11.Almost50percentofthelightemanatingfromstreetlampsmissesitsintendedtarget,andbillboards,shoppingcenters,privatehomesandskyscrapersaresimilarlyover-illuminated.

C.12.Formostofhumanhistory,thephrase“lightpollution”wouldhavemadenosense.13.ImaginewalkingtowardLondononamoonlitnightaround1800,whenitwasEarth’smostpopulouscity.14.Nearlyamillionpeoplelivedthere,makingdo,astheyalwayshad,withcandlesandrushlightsandtorchesandlanterns.15.Onlyafewhouseswerelitbygas,andtherewouldbenopublicgaslightsinthestreetsorsquaresforanothersevenyears.16.Fromafewmilesaway,youwouldhavebeenaslikelytosmellLondonastoseeitsdimcollectiveglow.

D.17.Nowmostofhumanitylivesunderintersectingdomesofreflected,refractedlight,ofscatteringraysfromoverlitcitiesandsuburbs,fromlight-floodedhighwaysandfactories.18.NearlyallofnighttimeEuropeisanebulaoflight,asismostoftheUnitedStatesandallofJapan.19.InthesouthAtlantictheglowfromasinglefishingfleet---squidfishermenluringtheirpreywithmetalhalidelamps---canbeseenfromspace,burningbrighter,infact,thanBuenosAiresorRiodeJaneiro.20.AmericahasbecomesobrightthatinasatelliteimageoftheUnitedStatesatnight,theoutlineofthecountryisvisiblefromitslightsalone.21.Themajorcitiesareallthereinbrightclusters:NewYork,Boston,Miami,Houston,LosAngeles,Seattle,Chicago---and,ofcourse,LasVegas.22.MarkAdams,superintendentoftheMcDonaldObservatoryinwestTexas,saysthattheveryfactthatcitylightsarevisiblefromonhighisproofoftheirwastefulness.23.“Whenyou’reupinanairplane,allthatlightyouseeonthegroundfromthecityiswasted.24.It’sgoingupintothenightsky.That’swhyyoucanseeit. ”

[E]25.Butdon’tweneedallthoselightstoensureoursafety?26.Theanswerfromlightengineers,lightpollutioncontroladvocatesandastronomersisanemphatic“no.
”ElizabethAlvarezoftheInternationalDarkSkyAssociation(IDA),anonprofitorganizationinTucson,Arizona,saysthatoverlybrightsecuritylightscanactuallyforceneighborstoclosetheshutters,whichmeansthatifanycriminalactivitydoesoccuronthestreet,noonewillseeit.27.Andtheoldassumptionthatbrightlightsdetercrimeappearstohavebeenafalseone:AnewDepartmentofJusticereportconcludesthatthereisnodocumentedcorrelationbetweentheleveloflightingandthelevelofcrimeinanarea.28.Andcontrarytopopularbelief,morecrimesoccurinbroaddaylightthanatnight.

[F]29.Lightpollutionislargelytheresultofbadlightingdesign,whichallowsartificiallighttoshineoutwardandupwardintothesky,whereit’snotwanted,insteadoffocusingitdownward,whereitis.30.Ill-designedlightingwashesoutthedarknessofnightandradicallyaltersthelightlevelsandlightrhythmstowhichmanyformsoflife,includingourselves,haveadapted.31.Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectoflifemigration,reproduction,feedingisaffected.32.Fordrivers,lightcanactuallycreateasafetyhazard.33.Glaringlightscantemporarilyblinddrivers,increasingthelikelihoodofanaccident.34.Tohelppreventsuchaccidents,somecitiesandstatesprohibittheuseoflightsthatimpairnighttimevision.35.Forinstance,NewHampshirelawforbidstheuseof“anylightalongahighwaysopositionedastoblindordazzlethevisionoftravelersontheadjacenthighway.”

[G]36.Badlydesignedlightingcanposeathreattowildlifeaswellaspeople.Lightisapowerfulbiologicalforce,andonmanyspeciesitactsasamagnet,aprocessbeingstudiedbyresearcherssuchasTravisLongcoreandCatherineRich,co-foundersoftheLosAngeles-basedUrbanWildlandsGroup.37.Theeffectissopowerfulthatscientistsspeakofsongbirdsandseabirdsbeing“captured ”bysearchlightsonlandorbythelightfromgasflaresonmarineoilplatforms,circlingandcirclinginthethousandsuntiltheydrop.38.Migratingatnight,birdsareapttocollidewithbrightlylittallbuildingsimmaturebirdsontheirfirstjourneysufferdisproportionately.39.Insects,ofcourse,clusteraroundstreetlights,andfeedingatthoseinsectclustersisnowingrainedinthelivesofmanybatspecies.40.InsomeSwissvalleystheEuropeanlesserhorseshoebatbegantovanishafterstreetlightswereinstalled,perhapsbecausethosevalleysweresuddenlyfilledwithlight-feedingpipistrellebats.41.Othernocturnalmammals---includingdesertrodents,fruitbats,opossums,andbadgers---foragemorecautiouslyunderthepermanentfullmoonoflightpollutionbecausethey’vebecomeeasiertargetsforpredators.

[H]42.Somebirds---blackbirdsandnightingales,amongothers---singatunnaturalhoursinthepresenceofartificiallight.43.Scientistshavedeterminedthatlongartificialdays---andartificiallyshortnights---induceearlybreedinginawiderangeofbirds.44.Andbecausealongerdayallowsforlongerfeeding,itcanalsoaffectmigrationschedules.45.OnepopulationofBewick’sswanswinteringinEnglandputonfatmorerapidlythanusual,primingthemtobegintheirSiberianmigrationearly.46.Theproblem,ofcourse,isthatmigration,likemostotheraspectsofbirdbehavior,isapreciselytimedbiologicalbehavior.47.Leavingearlymaymeanarrivingtoosoonfornestingconditionstoberight.

[I]48.Sowhatcanbedone?Tucson,Arizona,istakingbackthenight.49.Thecityhasoneofthebestlightingordinancesinthecountry,and,notcoincidentally,thehighestconcentrationofobservatoriesintheworld.50.KittPeakNationalOpticalAstronomyObservatoryhas24telescopesaimedskywardaroundthecity’sperimeter,anditscadreofastronomersneedsadarkskytoworkwith.51.Forawhile,thatdarknesswasthreatened.52.“Weweretotallylosingthenightsky,
”JimSingletonofTucson’sLightingCommitteetoldTulsa,Oklahoma’sKOTVlastMarch.53.Now,afterretrofittinginefficientmercurylightingwithlow-sodiumlightsthatblocklightfrom“trespassing”intounwantedareaslikebedroomwindows,andbydoingawaywithsomeunnecessarylightsaltogether,thecityissoftlyglowingratherthanbrightlybeaming.54.Thesamethingishappeninginahandfulofotherstates,includingTexas,whichjustpassedalightpollutionbilllastsummer.55.“Astronomerscangetwhattheyneedatthesametimethatcitizensgetwhattheyneed:safety,securityandgoodvisibilityatnight, ”saysMcdonaldObservatory’sMarkAdams,whoprovidedtestimonyatthehearingsforthebill.

[J]56.Andinthelongrun,everyonebenefitsfromreducedenergycosts.57.Wastedenergyfrominefficientlightingcostsusbetween$1and$2billionayear,accordingtoIDA.58.ThecityofSanDiego,whichinstallednew,high-efficiencystreetlightsafterpassingalightpollutionlawin1985,nowsavesabout$3millionayearinenergycosts.59.Legislationisn’ttheonlyanswertolightpollutionproblems.60.BrianGreer,CentralOhiorepresentativefortheOhioLightPollutionAdvisoryCouncil,saysthateducationisjustasimportant,ifnotmoreso.“Therearesomespecialsituationswhereregulationistheonlyfix,
”hesays.“Butthevastmajorityofbadlightingissimplytheresultofnotknowinganybetter.”61.Simpleactionslikereplacingoldbulbsandfixtureswithmoreefficientandbetter-designedonescanmakeabigdifferenceinpreservingthemightsky.

Questions41-46

ThereadingpassagehastenparagraphsA-J.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow.

ListofHeadings

iIntroduction

iiPeopleatRiskfromBrightLights

iiiIlluminatingSpaceonEarth

ivMeaninglessnessoftheTerm“LightPollution ”inHistory

vSolutiontoLightPollution

viRelationshipbetweenLightsandSecurity

viiLegislationonLightControl

viiiTheEnvironmentalDangers

ixMoreLightthanIsNecessary

xAProblemLightsDonotSolve

xiLightPermeationinHumanLife

xiiNegativeEffectsonWildAnimals

Example:ParagraphA(i)

41.ParagraphB()

42.ParagraphC()

43.ParagraphD()

44.ParagraphE()

45.ParagraphF()

46.ParagraphG()

Questions47---51

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage2?OnyourAnswerSheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriter

NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

47.BecauseoftoomuchlightsatellitecaneasilytakeapicturetoshowtheoutlineoftheUnitedStatesatnight.

48.Prolongeddaytimewillincreasethetimeofbreedingonbirdssoastodelaytheirmigrationschedule.

49.Onegroupofscientistsfindtheirobservationsaremademoredifficultbybrightlights.

50.Manycountriesarenowmakinglightpollutionillegal.

51.Oldtypesoflightoftencausemorepollutionthanmoremodernones.

Questions52-55

Completethefollowingsentences.ForeachblankuseONEORTWOWORDSfromthepassage.

52.Nowmostpeoplelivein__________citieswheretheskylooksasthoughithasbeenemptiedofstars,leavingbehindavacanthaze.

53.Accordingtoarecentstudy,well-litstreetsdonot__________ormakeneighbourhoodssafertolivein.

54.Efficientlights__________fromgoingintoareaswhereitisnotneeded.

55.Indealingwithlightpollution__________isatleastasimportantaspassingnewlaws.

ReadingPassage3

Questions56-70arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

A.1.Thoughmanydistinctculturesareprevalentaroundtheworldtoday,thosethatarethemostdominanthaveoriginsinoneofafewareascalled“culturehearths.
”2.Thesearetheheartlandsofvariousculturesandhistorically,therearesevenmainlocationsfromwhichthemostdominantculturalideashavespread.3.Thesevenoriginalculturehearthsare:1)TheNileRiverValley,2)TheIndusRiverValley,3)TheWei-HuangValley,4)TheGangesRiverValley,5)Mesopotamia,6)Mesoamerica,and7)WestAfrica.4.Theseregionsareconsideredculturehearthsbecausesuchthingsasreligion,theuseofirontoolsandweapons,highlyorganizesocialstructures,andthedevelopmentagriculturestartedandspreadfromtheseareas.5.Intermsofreligionforexample,theareaaroundMeccaisconsideredtheculturehearthfortheIslamicreligionandtheareafromwhichMuslimsinitiallytraveledtoconvertpeopletoIslam.6.Thespreadoftools,socialstructures,andagriculturespreadinasimilarmannerfromtheculturehearths.

B.7.Alsoimportanttothedevelopmentofearlyculturecentersarecultureregions.Theseareareasthatcontaindominantculturalelements.8.Thoughnoteveryoneinthecultureregionhasthesameculturetraits,theyareofteninfluencedbyitinsomeway.9.Withinthissystem,therearefourcomponentsofinfluence:1)theCore,2)theDomain,3)theSphere,and4)theOutlier.10.TheCoreistheheartoftheareaandshowsthemoststronglyexpressedculturetraits.11.Itisusuallythemostheavilypopulatedand,inthecaseofreligion,featuresthemostfamousreligiouslandmarks.12.TheDomainsurroundstheCoreandthoughithasitsownculturalvalues,itisstillstronglyinfluencedbytheCore.13.TheSpherethensurroundstheDomainandtheOutliersurroundstheSphere.

C.14.CulturaldiffusionisthetermusedtodescribethespreadofculturalideasfromtheCore(inthecaseofcultureregions)andtheculturehearth.15.CulturaldiffusionwasfirstusedbyFranzBoas(1858-1942),aGermangeographerandphysicist.FromhisarchaeologicalfieldworkintheAmericanNorthwest,Boasdecidedthatthetwoconceptsofdiffusionandmodificationexplainedmanyculturalphenomena,suchashowNativeAmericancultureandreligionwasaffectedbytheirlocationandproximitytoothercultures.16.AlfredL.Kroeber,Boas’sstudentandtheco-founderofBerkeley’santhropologydepartmentin1901,cameupwiththetermandwouldlaterpopularizeitwithinalargeracademiccircle.

D.17.Theoriesthatinvolvetheconceptofculturaldiffusionoftenstirupcontroversyinanthropologicalcircles.Thisisbecausetheyoftencontradicttheoriesonmassmigration.18.ThisoppositionbetweenculturaldiffusionandmassmigrationcanbefoundintheoriesregardingsimilarhumanburialsitesinvolvingtheskullsofcavebearsaroundtheArcticCircleonthecontinentsofNorthAmerica,Europe,andAsia.19.Nevertheless,manyanthropologistsprefertoconsidertheoriesbasedonculturaldiffusion,ortheborrowingoftraitsbetweencultures,astheycommonlydescribeit.20.Scholarsofculturaldiffusion,includingJ.P.MalloryandClarkWissler,developeddistinctionsbetweentheoriesofculturaldiffusion.21.Heliocentricdiffusionproposesthatallculturesoriginatedfromasinglecivilization.22.AnthropologistPeterJ.Hugillproposedthetheoryofevolutionarydiffusionwhenaspecificinnovationcoincidesacrossallcultures,toexplainhowanideaorinnovationhassomehowhappenedsimultaneouslyinmultiplecultures.

[E]23.Throughouthumanandpre-humanhistory,cultureshaveneverbeenorremainedcompletelyisolatedfromeachother.24.EvenintheisolationistcultureoffeudalJapan,thereligiousphilosophyofBuddhismwasabletospreadfromIndiaandChina,whereitoriginatedbytravelingmonks.25.Thisisanexampleofhowculturaldiffusioncantakeplaceonagrandscale.26.Thistypeofculturaldiffusionhappenstoday.Whenconsideringculturaldiffusion,therearethreemajorforms.

[F]27.Thefirstiscalleddirectdiffusionandoccurswhentwodistinctculturesareveryclosetogether.28.Overtime,directcontactbetweenthetwoleadstoaninterminglingofthecultures.29.Historicallythisoccurredthroughtrade,intermarriage,andsometimeswarfarebecamemembersofthevariousculturesinteractedwitheachotherforlongperiods.30.AnexampletodaywouldbethesimilarinterestinsoccerinsomeareasoftheUnitedStatesandMexico.

[G]31.Forceddiffusionorexpansiondiffusionisthesecondmethodofculturaldiffusionandtakesplacewhenoneculturedefeatsanotherandforcesitsbeliefsandcustomsontotheconqueredpeople.32AnexampleherewouldbewhentheSpanishtookoverlandsintheAmericasandlaterforcedtheoriginalinhabitantstoconverttoRomanCatholicisminthe16thand17thCenturies.33.Thetermethnocentrismisoftenappliedtoforceddiffusionbecauseitreferstotheideaoflookingattheworldonlyfromone’sownculturalvantagepoint.34.Asaresult,peopleparticipatinginthisformofdiffusionoftenbelievethattheirculturalbeliefsaresuperiortothoseofothergroupsandinturnforcetheirideasuponthosetheyconquer.35.Inaddition,culturalimperialismisusuallyplacedintothecategoryofforceddiffusionasitisthepracticeofactivelypromotingculturalcharacteristicssuchaslanguage,food,religion,etc.,ofonenationinanother.36.Thispracticeisnormallywithinforceddiffusionbecauseitfrequentlyoccursthroughmilitaryoreconomicforce.

[H]37.Thefinalformofculturaldiffusionisindirectdiffusion.Thistypehappenswhenculturalideasarespreadthroughamiddlemanorevenanotherculture.38.AnexampleherewouldbethepopularityofItalianfoodthroughoutNorthAmerica.39.Technology,massmedia,andtheInternetarebothplayingahugeroleinpromotingthistypeofculturaldiffusionaroundtheworldtoday.40.AnotherexamplewouldbewhenanAfricanreceiveaMickeyMouseT-shirtfromavisitorandwearsiteventhoughhewasneverbeentoDisneyland.

[I]41.Becauseculturesdevelopovertime,newdominantareasofdominantculturehavedonesoaswell.42.Today’smodernculturehearthsareplacessuchastheUnitedStatesandworldcitieslikeLondonandTokyo.43.Areassuchastheseareconsideredmodernculturehearthsbecauseoftheprevalenceoftheirculturalaspectsnowpresentthroughoutmuchoftheworld.44.TakeforinstancethepopularityofsushiinLosAngeles,CaliforniaandVancouver,BritishColumbiaorthepresenceofStarbucksinplaceslikeFrance,Germany,Moscow,andeveninChina’sForbiddenCity.

[J]45.Directdiffusionhascertainlyplayedaroleinthisnewspreadofculturalvaluesandproducts,andpeoplearenowmovingaroundfrequentlybecauseoftoday’seaseoftravel.46.Physicalbarrierssuchasmountainrangesalsonolongerhinderpeople’smovementandtheresultantspreadofculturalideas.47.ItisindirectdiffusionthoughwhichhashadthelargestimpactonthespreadofideasfromplacesliketheUnitedStatestotherestoftheworld.48.TheInternetandadvertisingthroughthemanyformsofmassmediahaveallowedpeopleworldwidetoseewhatispopularintheU.S.andasaresult,bluejeansandCoca-ColaproductscanbefoundeveninremoteHimalayanvillages.

[K]49.Howeverculturaldiffusionoccursnoworinthefuture,ithashappenedmanytimesthroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodosoasnewareasgrowinpowerandpassontheirculturaltraitstotheworld.50.Theeaseoftravelandmoderntechnologywillonlyaidinspeedinguptheprocessofmodernculturaldiffusion.

Questions56-62

Summarizetheinformationaboutculturaldiffusionasdiscussionasdiscussedinthepassage.Completethetablebelowbymatchingtheappropriatestatementstothethreeformsofculturaldiffusionwithwhichtheyareassociated.TWOofthestatementswillNOTbeused.

DirectDiffusionForcedDiffusionIndirectDiffusion

56.()

57.()59.()61.()

58.()60.()62.()

Statements

A.AnativeAfricanmayspendholidaysinDisneyland.

B.IndianswerecompelledtoadopttheEnglishlanguage.

C.Peopleintwoculturesareinterestedinthesamesport.

D.Thisoccurswhenculturesaresituatedcloseenoughtointeract.

E.TheBuddhistideasspreadfromIndiatoJapaninearlyperiod.

F.ThisoccurswhenAmericansenslavedAfricans.

G.Thisoccurswhenanartifactoritemmovesthroughanintermediary.

H.SkullsofcavebearswerefoundneartheArcticCircle.

I.StarbuckscanbefoundinmanyplacesoutsideAmerica.

Questions63-67

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?OnyourAnswerSheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriter

NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVERNifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

63.Culturaldiffusiontheoriessufferfrombeinginherentlyspeculativeandhardtoproveordisprove.

64.Inancienttimes,directdiffusionwasverycommonsincegroupsofhumanslivedinadjoiningsettlements.

65.Theforceddiffusionhasethnocentricqualities,suggesting,say,that“European-stylesocieties”weremoreadvancedandinnovativethanother“primitive ”societies.

66.Newculturehearthsarenowestablishedinsomecountriesbecauseoftheirprevalenceofeconomicaspectsthroughoutmuchoftheworld.

67.TodaybecauseofmassmediaandtheinventionoftheInternet,indirectdiffusionisthemostcommonform.

Questions68-70

Foreachquestionbelow,choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

68.AregioncanbeconsideredaculturehearthbecauseofallthesethingsEXCEPT__________.

A.geographicallocation

B.religiousinfluence

C.agriculturaldevelopment

D.socialstructure

69.Whyisitdifficulttodefinetheoriesaboutculturaldiffusion?

A.Culturaldiffusiontheoriesarerelatedtosimilarhumanburialsites.

B.Culturaldiffusiontheoriesareatoddswithmassmigrationtheories.

C.Culturaldiffusionshouldbebasedontheborrowingoftraitsbetweencultures.

D.Culturaldiffusiontheoriescannotexplainsimultaneousemergenceofmultiplecultures.

70.AccordingtothispassagewhichofthefollowingstatementscanNOTdescribeculturaldiffusion?

A.Attemptstoexplainsimilaritiesbetweentwoculturesbydiffusionareoftencriticizedforbeingethnocentric.

B.Languages,technologiesandculturaldifferencesthatarecommoninoneparticularregionareconsideredindigenoustothatregion.

C.Culturaldiffusionoccurswithoutbeinglinkedtoamassexodusofpeople.

D.Whenthoseculturalcharacteristicsspreadthroughouttheworldtocreateculturaldiversity,culturaldiffusioncomesintobeing.

IV.WRITING(30%)

Directions：Youaretowriteanessaytitled“ShouldpeopleRetireLater?”accordingtothefollowingsituation:

RecentlythehugedeficitinthepensionfundinChinahasarousedgreatpublicconcern.ResearchshowsthatalthoughthelegalretirementageinChinais60formenand55formostwomen,manyemployeesofState-ownedenterpriseshavebeenallowedtoretireintheir40sor50stomakeopeningsfornewgraduatesandothers.Besides,themandatoryretirementageinChinais51.2years,10yearsyoungerthanthatofmanycountries.Someexpertsthereforesuggestthatweraisethemandatoryretirementage.Whatdoyouthinkoftheirsuggestion?

Requirements:Writeanessayofabout400wordstoexpoundclearlyyourviewpointonthistopic.Youneedtosupplyatitleforyouressay.

Inthefirstpartofyourwritingyoushouldpresentyourviewpointinawell-formulatedthesisstatementinthesecondpart,youshouldsupportthethesisstatementwithappropriatedetailsinthelastpartyoushouldbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionwithacomment.

Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,syntacticvariety,properlength,andappropriatewordchoice.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinthelossofmarks.Remembertoproduceacleanfaircopy.