教育学#2012年考研究生英语翻译及答案

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以下是三人行考研网小编为大家整理的“2012年考研英语翻译及答案” ，以供广大考生参考
，希望对你们有所帮助。

2012年考研英语翻译及答案

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.

(1)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything–asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.

Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(2)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(3)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.

That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.

ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage–acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.

(4)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints

Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(5)Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.

　　翻译

　　PartC

1.物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论––一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式 。

2.在这里 ，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由
，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了
。

3.把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的 ，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。

4.约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论 。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征(尤其是按照词序排列)
，这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差
。

5.乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径 ，然而格林伯格的共性理论？词序关系的特殊类别之间(而不是其他)有着强烈的共存性。