备考指导#2017翻译硕士#中华思想文化术语翻译选读——封建

封建(fēngjiàn)

即封邦建国
。古代帝王将爵位、土地和人口分封给亲戚或功臣
，让他们在封地内建国。各封国的规模小于王室的直辖领地，军 、政自成体系 ，封国之间相互制衡
，拱卫王室 。作为一种政治制度，封建制相传始于黄帝时期 ，至西周时期达于完备
。秦至清
，中央集权制或专制帝制居于主导地位，而封建制则成为一种辅助性制度。

FeudalSystem

Underthissystem,ancientmonarchsgrantedtitlesofnobility,land,andpeopletotheirrelativesandofficialsofmerit,allowingthemtoestablishdukedoms.Eachterritorywassmallerthanthatunderthedirectcontrolofthemonarch,andhaditsownmilitaryandadministrativesystems.Alldukedomscheckedeachotherwhileprotectingthemonarchtogether.Asapoliticalscheme,thefeudalsystemisbelievedtohavestartedintheeraofthelegendaryYellowEmperor,andbecameestablishedintheWesternZhouDynasty.Inmorethan2000yearsfromtheQinDynastytotheQingDynasty,centralizedgovernmentorimperialautocracywasdominant,renderingthefeudalsystemsupplementary.

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[引例]

彼封建者 ，更古圣王尧
、舜、禹 、汤
、文、武而莫能去之 。(柳宗元《封建论》)

Feudalsystemsurvivedtheerasofallancientsages,namelyYao,Shun,YutheGreat,TangofShang,KingWenofZhou,andKingWuofZhou.(LiuZongyuan:OnFeudalSystem)