考研英语#2017考研究生#英语[一]新题型考点考向点睛

一、炙热题型--排序题考前得分要领

段落排序题仍然是今年的备考重点
，全部做对该题目的可能性微乎其微，所以就需要讲究方法 ，在考场上多快好省的确保拿到6～8分
。拿分要领为：答对首段（如果没有给）和第二段
，以及已知段后面的一段，即对2-3个 ，剩下的
，不要做了，直接选一个肯定入选但不确定排哪里的答案。
[解题步骤]
1．阅读已经固定的段落
如果固定段落是首末段 ，那么通过阅读首末段就可以得知整个文章的主旨大意
，还要注意将已经确定的两个选项从卷子上划去，防止引起不必要的混乱；如果是首段+中间段 ，那也可以知道大意和文章部分内容信息 。
但是
，如果首段没有要先选出首段
。2．如何选首段首段的特点：1）首句不含有代词，不含有总结性 、过渡性词（转折
、因果、顺延等）2）一般不含有最高级 、第一或最后意思的词语 ，因为首段没有比较的对象。3．阅读选项，尤其是首尾句 。给段落作初步的位置预知和组块考生做不到一次性排出来
，能排出来的就排，一时定不了的 ，做如下工作：1）位置预知：含so,conclude等表示结束的词
，可能作为尾段
。但是也要警惕未必，总之还是要综合看。
2）组块：
有些段一看就觉得应该一个前一个后 ，比如A段末提到...therearetwobranches.F段末提到了
，thefirstoneis... 。那么A和F就属于明显的总分关系，应该前后连贯
。
例如2010年的E段末出现了
[E]...atthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.而A段开头则是
[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:consumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout...
所以明显的顺序是E>A。
3）精确排列各个段落的顺序 ，利用其它关联词进行验证 。
[例题]2014年
Directions:
Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable-forexample,theParthenoninAthens,Greece;thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorge,anearlyhominidsiteinTanzania,wasfoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiterallyfellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.
[B]Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsRenéMillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuac&bbcute;nintheValleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity'svastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.
[C]Howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground?Typically,theysurveyandsample(maketestexcavationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.
[D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inonecase,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCop&bbcute;n,Honduras,havelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCop&bbcute;ncollapsed.
[E]Tofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologies,suchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.
[F]Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamunexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingsforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEvanscombedantiquedealers'storesinAthens,Greece.HewassearchingfortinyengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evans'sinterpretationsoftheseengravingseventuallyledhimtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossos(Knosós),ontheislandofCrete,in1900.
[G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurfacecluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradar,magnetic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetectors.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Two-andthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcavations,illustratinghowsiteslook,andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.
41.→A→42.→E→43.→44.→45.

[解题步骤]
1.精读首段：
本题没有给出首段
，需要考生先判断
。具体方法要根据下步每段开头的关键词而定。
2.通读段首尾，模块组合+位置预知 。
根据上述的八大方法 ，找出各个段落段首/尾的关联词
，具体分布为：
[A]Somearchaeologicalsites
[B]Inanothercase(明显代词+名词)
[C]How.....?
[D]...inonecase
[E]...findtheirsites....
[F]mostarchaeologicalsites,however
根据如上的关键词，考生首先能判断出来的是D和B的关系 ，根据代词应该是D>B。根据题干的矩阵41.→A→42.→E→43.→44.→45.
D>B肯定不能让在41或者42，肯定是43
，44,45中的两个
。因此首段的可能性只能是C和G中的一个。而C句首又是明显的用特殊疑问句提出问题，符合首段的特点 。
D和B的特点是one和another的代词关系发生连贯
。类似的连贯词还有one-theother,其复数形式是some-others ，同样some和others会有些类似的同义词替换。根据这个原理
，A和F也是前后关联A>F 。因此42选F
。
最后三个空。E的开头提到了onsystematicsurvey，各种研究调查 。E的段落也提到了Aerialsurveys（航空研究 ，空中研究）而G的开头则提到了groundsurvey（地面研究）
，正好是总分关系，所以顺序为E>G
。因为43-45是GDB。所以答案为
CFGDB

二
、炙热题型--完型填句（段）考前得分要领

[解题步骤]
第一步：找出各选项的关联词
第二步：将代词后面指代的内容还原回文章 ，进行匹配 。
[解题技巧]
第一
，选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系
。
第二 ，选项中出现代词时
，该选项往往不能放在首句，要能分辨出该代词所指的内容：it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子。
第三 ，将选项与原文对比时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是正确选项 。
第四
，做完型填句（段）题时不用按顺序做，先做简单的后做难的 ，注意寻找上下文中的关键信息。
[例题]2013年
Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.
Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday'sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41)______Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.
(42)____Thisisashame-thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.
Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords"environmentalchanged"or"climatechange"haveincreasedrapidlysince2004,(43)____.
Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity'sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.
Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding(44)____thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday'seconomicclimate.
Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory.Thishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45)____Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.
[A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournals,andonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewhere,suchaspolicybriefs.
[B]However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneoftheseKeywords.
[C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,includinghealthanddemographicchangefoodsecurity,marineresearchandthebio-economy,clear,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties.
[D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiallytheyoungones.
[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.Allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovations,aswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy.
[F]Despitethesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEurope,someareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.
[G]Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernment,highereducation,non-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,itisabout15%.

[解题步骤]
1.找选项关键词
[A]twocommunities:onethatis…andonethatis…
[B]thenumbers,2010,theseKeywords.
[C]theideais,integratetheirwork
[D]thesolution
[E]Theseissues,Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,
[F]thesefactors,suchproblems.
[G]funds,4%to25%;15%.
2.关键词匹配文章
[B]thenumbers,2010,theseKeywords.匹配到43空前的number和Keywords.
[C]theideais,integratetheirwork匹配到45空前的idea和collaborate
[E]Theseissues,Stemmingclimatechange,forexample
。利用forexample可以匹配到41空前的原词
，theseissues可以匹配到including后面的许多因素。
[F]thesefactors,suchproblems.利用suchproblems匹配到42空前的problems，thesefactors匹配到前面的冒号后的内容 。
[G]funds,4%to25%;15%.匹配到44空后的thatis…amount
。