翻译硕士#上海外国语大学2015年翻译硕士MTI考研究生

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时间：2020-07-2718:30:30

上海外国语大学2015年翻译硕士考研

英语基础

一 、Fillingfollowingblankswithaword.

NicholasKristofisaNewYorkTimescolumnist.

&copy2014/thenewyorktimes

AmericanDreamisLeavingAmerica

ThebestescalatortoopportunityintheUSiseducation.Butanewstudyunderscoresthattheescalatorisbroken.

Weexpecteachgenerationtodobetter,but,currently,moreyoungAmericanmenhavelesseducation(29%)thantheirparentsthanhavemoreeducation(20%).

AmongyoungAmericanswhoseparentsdidn’tgraduatefromhighschool,only5%makeitthroughcollegethemselves.Inotherrichcountries,thefigureis23%.

TheUSisdevotingbillionsofdollarstocompetewithRussiamilitarily,butmaybeweshouldtrytocompeteeducationally.Russianowhasthelargestpercentageofadultswithauniversityeducationofanyindustrializedcountry–apositiononceheldbytheUS,althoughwe’replunginginthatroster.

ThesefigurescomefromtheannualsurveyofeducationfromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,orOECD,anditshouldbeashocktoAmericans.AbasicelementoftheAmericandreamisequalaccesstoeducationasthelubricantofsocialandeconomicmobility.ButtheAmericandreamseemstohaveemigratedbecausemanycountriesdobetterthantheUSineducationalmobility,accordingtotheOECDstudy.

Asrecentlyas2000,theUSstillrankedsecondintheshareofthepopulationwithacollegedegree.Nowwehavedroppedtofifth.Among25-to-34-year-olds–aglimpseofhowwewillrankinthefuture–werank12th,whileonce-impoverishedSouthKoreatopsthelist.

AnewPewsurveyfindsthatAmericansconsiderthegreatestthreattoourcountrytobethegrowinggapbetweentherichandpoor.Yetwehaveconstructedaneducationsystem,dependentonlocalpropertytaxes,thatprovidesgreatschoolsfortherichkidsinthesuburbswhoneedtheleasthelp,andbroken,dangerousschoolsforinner-citychildrenwhodesperatelyneedahelpinghand.

Toooften,theUS’seducationsystemamplifiesnotopportunitybutinequality.MydadwasaWorldWarIIrefugeewhofledUkraineandRomaniaandeventuallymadehiswaytoFrance.HespokeperfectFrench,andPariswouldhavebeenanaturalplacetosettle.ButhefeltthatFrancewasstratifiedandwouldofferlittleopportunitytoapennilessEasternEuropeanrefugee,oreventohischildrenagenerationlater,sohesetoutfortheUS.Hedidn’tspeakEnglish,but,onarrivalin1951,heboughtacopyoftheSundayeditionofTheNewYorkTimesandbegantoteachhimself–andthenheworkedhiswaythroughReedCollegeandtheUniversityofChicago,earningaPhDandbecomingauniversityprofessor.

HerodetheAmericandreamtosuccesssodidhisonlychild.Butwhilehewasrightin1951tobetonopportunityintheUSratherthanEurope,thesedayshewouldperhapsbewrong.ResearchersfindeconomicandeducationalmobilityarenowgreaterinEuropethanintheUS.

That’sparticularlysadbecause,asmyTimescolleagueEduardoPorternotedlastmonth,egalitarianeducationusedtobetheUS’sstrongsuit.Europeancountriesexcelledatfirst-rateeducationfortheelites,buttheUSledthewayinmasseducation.Bythemid-1800s,mostAmericanstatesprovidedafreeelementaryeducationtothegreatmajorityofwhitechildren.Incontrast,aslateas1870,only2%ofBritish14-year-oldswereinschool.

ThentheUSwasthefirstmajorcountry,inthe1930s,inwhichamajorityofchildrenattendedhighschool.Bycontrast,aslateas1957,only9%of17-year-oldsinBritainwereinschool.

Untilthe1970s,wewerepre-eminentinmasseducation,andClaudiaGoldinandLawrenceKatzofHarvardUniversityarguepowerfullythatthiswasthesecrettotheUS’seconomicrise.Thenweblewit,andthelatestOECDreportunderscoreshowtherestoftheworldiseclipsingus.

Ineffect,theUShasbecome19th-centuryBritain:Weprovidesuperbeducationforelites,butwefalteratmasseducation.

Inparticular,wefailatearlyeducation.AcrosstheOECD,anaverageof70%of3-year-oldsareenrolledineducationprogrammes.IntheUS,it’s38%.

Insomequarters,there’saperceptionthatAmericanteachersarelazy.ButtheOECDreportindicatesthatAmericanteachersworkfarlongerhoursthantheircounterpartsabroad.YetAmericanteachersearn68%asmuchastheaverageAmericancollege-educatedworker,whiletheOECDaverageis88%.

Fixingtheeducationsystemisthecivilrightschallengeofourera.AstartingpointistoembraceanethosthatwasbornintheUSbutisnowanexpatriate:thatweoweallchildrenafairstartinlifeintheformofaccesstoaneducationescalator.

Let’sfixtheescalator.

二、Answerfollowingquestions

1
、Whydidtheauthor’sfatherleaveforAmerica?

2、WhatiseducationalmobilitylikeinEurope?

3 、AccordingtoClaudiaGoldin,whatisthesecrettotheUS’seconomicrise?

4
、Whatisthe19th-centuryBritaineducationlike?

5、Accordingtotheauthor,howtofixtheproblemofAmericaneducationsystem?

三 、Writing

Writearesponseessay:

Wouldwebebetteroffwithoutreligion?

Writeintheformatwhyorwhynot?

英语翻译基础

一
、writeadescriptionoffuturecitybasedonthefollowingpassage.

AsmuchastheInternethasalreadychangedtheworld,itistheWeb’snextphasethatwillbringthebiggestopportunities,revolutionizingthewaywelive,work,play,andlearn.

Thatnextphase,whichsomecalltheInternetofThingsandwhichwecalltheInternetofEverything,istheintelligentconnectionofpeople,processes,data,andthings.Althoughitonceseemedlikeafar-offidea,itisbecomingarealityforbusinesses,governments,andacademicinstitutionsworldwide.Today,halftheworld’spopulationhasaccesstotheInternetby2020,two-thirdswillbeconnected.Likewise,some13.5billiondevicesareconnectedtotheInternettodayby2020,weexpectthatnumbertoclimbto50billion.Thethingsthatare–andwillbe–connectedaren’tjusttraditionaldevices,suchascomputers,tablets,andphones,butalsoparkingspacesandalarmclocks,railroadtracks,streetlights,garbagecans,andcomponentsofjetengines.

Alloftheseconnectionsarealreadygeneratingmassiveamountsofdigitaldata–anditdoubleseverytwoyears.Newtoolswillcollectandsharethatdata(some15,000applicationsaredevelopedeachweek!)and,withanalytics,thatcanbeturnedintoinformation,intelligence,andevenwisdom,enablingeveryonetomakebetterdecisions,bemoreproductive,andhavemoreenrichingexperiences.

Andthevaluethatitwillbringwillbeepic.Infact,theInternetofEverythinghasthepotentialtocreate$19trillioninvalueoverthenextdecade.Fortheglobalprivatesector,thisequatestoa21percentpotentialaggregateincreaseincorporateprofits–or$14.4trillion.Theglobalpublicsectorwillbenefitaswell,usingtheInternetofEverythingasavehicleforthedigitizationofcitiesandcountries.Thiswillimproveefficiencyandcutcosts,resultinginasmuchas$4.6trillionoftotalvalue.Beyondthat,itwillhelp(andalreadyishelping)addresssomeoftheworld’smostvexingchallenges:agingandgrowingpopulationsrapidlymovingtourbancentersgrowingdemandforincreasinglylimitednaturalresourcesandmassiverebalancingineconomicgrowthbetweenbrisklygrowingemergingmarketcountriesandslowingdevelopedcountries.

PHYSICALLIMITS

Morethanhalfoftheworld’spopulationnowlivesinornearamajorurbanarea,andthemovetowardever-greaterurbanizationshowsnosignsofslowing.AccordingtotheUnitedNations,theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowfromsevenbilliontodayto9.3billionby2050,andtheworld’scitieswillhavetoaccommodateabout70percentmoreresidents.

Thetraditionalwaysofdealingwiththeinflux–simplyaddingmorephysicalinfrastructure–won’twork,givenlimitedresourcesandspace.Newwaysofincorporatingtechnologywillberequiredtoprovideurbanservices,whetherit’sroads,water,electricity,gas,workspaces,schools,orhealthcare.Inthefuture,therewillbelessemphasisonphysicalconnectionsandmoreonaccesstovirtualconnections.

Citiesalsofacebudgetarychallenges,battlingrisingcostsandshrinkingresources.Theworld’scitiesaccountfor70percentofgreenhouse-gasemissions,andaccordingtoUN-HABITAT,energy-relatedcostsareoneofthebiggestmunicipalbudgetitems.Technologycouldprovideasimplefixjustbyupdatingagingstreetlightingsystems.Thatwouldalsoimprovecitizensafetyandcreateamorefavorableenvironmentforbusinessinvestments.

Therearesimilarissuesinmanyoftheworld’swatersystems,withagingpipesindesperateneedofreplacing.Forinstance,theUnitedStates’waterinfrastructureisneartheendofitslifecyclewithapproximately240,000watermainbreakseachyear.Thecostoffixingthiscrumblinginfrastructurecouldexceed$1trillionoverthenext25years,assumingthatallpipesarereplaced.Byplacingnetworkedsensorsinwatermainsandundergroundpipesystemsastheyarerepairedandreplaced,citiescouldmoreeffectivelymonitorandbetteranticipatefutureleaksandotherpotentialproblemsastheinfrastructureisupgraded.

Morepeoplealsomeansmorewaste.Theamountofmunicipalsolidwastegeneratedaroundtheworldisexpectedtoreach2.2billiontonsby2025–upfrom1.3billionin2012.Globally,solidwastemanagementcostswillrisetoabout$375.5billionby2025,accordingtopredictionsbytheWorldBank.Onceagain,theInternetofEverythingofferswaystobettermanageandreducethesecosts.Forexample,sensorsinresidentialandcommercialgarbagecontainerscouldalertacitywastemanagementsystemwhentheyarefull.Eachmorning,thedriverswouldreceivetheiroptimizedroutetoemptythefullcontainers.Comparedtotoday’sfixed-routesystem,thenewsystemcouldsavemillionsofdollarsbyincreasingefficienciesandworkerproductivity.

Theintelligentandefficientstewardshipofgrowingcitiesmusttaketoppriority.Andthere,weareconvincedthattheInternetofEverythingwillbringoneofthemostsignificanttechnologytransitionssincethebirthoftheInternet.Connectionsbetweenthingsandpeople,supportedbynetworkedprocesses,willenableeveryonetoturndataintoactionableinformationthatcanbeusedtodothingsthatweren’tpossiblebefore,ortodothembetter.Wecanmorequicklydiscoverpatternsandtrendswecanpredictandprepareforanythingfrombusorassemblylinebreakdownstonaturaldisastersandquicksurgesinproductdemand.

PUBLICGOOD

Perhapssurprisingly,thepublicsectorhasbeenthemosteffectiveandinnovativeearlyadopterwhenitcomestomakinguseoftheInternetofEverything,especiallyinmajormetropolitanareas.NewandinnovativesolutionsarealreadytransforminggreenfieldsandrundownurbancentersintowhatwecallSmart+ConnectedCommunities,orSmartCities.AccordingtoIHSTechnology,thetotalnumberofSmartCitieswillquadruplefrom21to88between2013and2025.AtCisco,weareengagedwithmorethan100citiesindifferentstagesofSmartCitydevelopment.

Bydefinition,SmartCitiesarethosethatintegrateinformationcommunicationstechnologyacrossthreeormorefunctionalareas.Moresimplyput,aSmartCityisonethatcombinestraditionalinfrastructure(roads,buildings,andsoon)withtechnologytoenrichthelivesofitscitizens.Creativeplatformsandkillerappshavehelpedreducetraffic,parkingcongestion,pollution,energyconsumption,andcrime.Theyhavealsogeneratedrevenueandreducedcostsforcityresidentsandvisitors.

Forinstance,one-thirdoftheworld’sstreetlightsusetechnologyfromthe1960s.Citiesthatupdateagingsystemswithnetworkedmotion-detectionlightssaveadministrativeandmanagementtimeaswellaselectricityandcosts–asmuchas70&ndash80percent,accordingtoanindependent,globaltrialofLEDtechnology.Byusingsuchenergy-savingtechnologies,citiescandrasticallylowertheirmunicipalexpendituresonelectricity.Ciscoestimatesthatsmartstreetlightinginitiativescanalsoreduceareacrimebysevenpercentbecauseofbettervisibilityandmorecontentcitizenry.Further,connectedlightpolescanserveaswirelessnetworkingaccesspoints,enablingcitizensandcitymanagerstotakeadvantageofpervasiveconnectivity.Andnetworkedsensorsincorporatedintoutilitylinescouldhelpreducecostsforbothconsumersandproviders,withmetersbeing“read”remotely,andmuchmoreaccurately.CitiessuchasNice,Francearealreadyimplementingsmartlighting,whichmonitorslampintensityandtrafficsensorstoreducecartheft,assaults,andevenhomeburglary.Theselightinginitiativesarealsoexpectedtoreducethecity’senergybillbymorethan$8million.

SmartCitiesarealsosavingenergyindoors.Buildingsoutfittedwithintelligentsensorsandnetworkedmanagementsystemscancollectandanalyzeenergy-usedata.Suchtechnologieshavethepotentialtoreduceenergyconsumptionandcutcostsby$100billiongloballyoverthenextdecade.

Thankstohighertraffic,citiesgeneratemorethan67percentofgreenhousegasesreleasedintoouratmosphere.Expertspredictthatthisfigurewillriseto74percentby2030.IntheUnitedStatesalone,trafficcongestioncosts$121billionayearinwastedtimeandfuel.Incredibly,driverslookingforaparkingspacecause30percentofurbancongestion,nottomentionpollution.Toovercomethisproblem,thecityofSanCarlos,Californiahasembeddednetworkedsensorsintoparkingspacesthatrelaytodriversreal-timeinformationabout–anddirectionsto–availablespots.Thisprogramhashelpedreducecongestion,pollution,andfuelconsumption.Moreover,parkingfeescanbedynamicallyadjustedforpeaktimes,whichgeneratesmorerevenueforcities.

Citiescanalsointegratesensorsthatcollectandsharereal-timedataaboutpublictransportationsystemstoimprovetrafficflowandbettermonitortheuseofbusesandtrains,givingthemtheabilitytoadjustroutetimesandfrequencyofstopsbasedonchangingneeds.Thisalonewillcutcostsandbringnewefficiencies.Mobileappsthataggregatetheinformation,meanwhile,canhelpcitizenstrackdelaysorcheckpick-uptimesforamoreseamlesscommute.Barcelona,Spainhasalreadychangedthetypicalexperienceofwaitingforabusbydeployingsmartbusstops,wherecitizenscanusetouchscreenmonitorstoviewup-to-datebusschedules,maps,locationsforborrowingcity-ownedbikes,andlocalbusinessesandentertainment.

InnovativemunicipalleadersunderstandtheInternetofEverything’sincrediblepromise.Infact,thesedays,themostinnovativecitieshavetheirownchiefinformationofficersorevenchiefdigitalofficers.

二、WriteasummaryofthefollowingpassageinEnglish.

树立高度的文化自信 ，讲好中国故事

博大精深的传统文化 、丰富多彩的民族文化
、独具特色的红色文化、充满生机的当代文化––中华民族创造的文化,是我们引以为豪的软实力,也是我们文化自信的底气所在 。要讲好中国故事 、弘扬中国精神,好的手段就是文化的手段,最有力的媒介就就是文化的媒介

文化交流是沟通心灵的桥梁,在国际交往中具有不可替代的重要作用。要认真学习贯彻习主席总书记重要讲话精神,进一步增强文化自觉
、文化自信,积极主动做好对外文化交流工作,让世界各国人民更好地感知中国、了解中国
。云山同志强调,要充分发挥我们的文化优势,讲好中国故事 、弘扬中国精神,把一个文明进步、开放包容
、繁荣发展的中国展现在世界人民面前。

树立高度的文化自信,是增强文化自觉的前提 。只有自信才会自觉,只有自信才能自强
。“对绵延5000多年的中华文明,我们应该多一份尊重,多一份思考。 ”中华文化是世界文化大花园中的瑰宝,历经岁月洗礼而深厚凝重 。博大精深的传统文化、丰富多彩的民族文化 、独具特色的红色文化
、充满生机的当代文化––我们这个民族创造的文化如此灿烂辉煌,这是我们引以为豪的软实力,也是我们文化自信的底气所在
。

丘吉尔有句名言:我宁可失去一个印度,也不愿失去一位莎士比亚。丘吉尔并非真的愿意放弃英国当年的殖民地印度,而是借莎翁强调对英国文化的珍惜 。如果说,丘吉尔作为殖民者带有偏见与傲慢,中华民族可贵的品格,是在平等对待世界各民族文化的前提下,珍爱自己民族创造的伟大文化
。对自己的文化,我们没有必要自傲、自得 、自满,但有理由自觉
、自信、自强。

文化唯有流动才能彰显活力 。“不忘本来 、吸收外来
、面向未来”,这是我们在促进文化发展和繁荣中必须秉持的准则
。中华文化一个重要的特点是包容开放,要大胆吸收,让文化成为沟通的桥梁,才能不断生生不息、不断生机勃勃 、不断增强自信的底气。在中国历史上,文化鼎盛的朝代也是文化交流交融最频繁的时期 。盛唐时五方杂处
、万国来仪,就是文化昌盛的时期。诚如孔子所说:“故远人不服,则修文德以来之
。
”正因为中华文化的强大包容性,数千年来在漫长的交流交融中生生不息,更丰富、更繁荣。

“倘若你有一个平果,我也有一个平果,彼此交换后还是各有一个平果但是你有一种思想,我有一种思想,而彼此交流这些思想,那么我们就各有两种思想 。”这是现代管理学中的一个典型
。文化交流互鉴更是如此。要讲好中国故事 、弘扬中国精神,好的手段就是文化的手段,最有力的媒介就就是文化的媒介 。我们要发挥好中华文化的独特优势,把能够运用的手段充分调动起来,以最形象生动的传播,向世界呈现悠久灿烂的中华文化、说明我们的文明进步和平发展,诠释中国梦的丰富内涵
。

我们有能力创造中国故事,也一定有能力讲好中国故事。

汉语写作与百科知识

一
、填空题

1、元太祖铁木真是草原上的英雄，蒙古人称他为_____

2 、计量单位石
，1石是____，它的读音是____

3
、药石中的石是指____ ，即针石

4、南北朝中南朝经历了四个朝代____ 、____
、____、____

5 、____
、____、____ 、____是戏曲中的四个基本功

7
、令爱
，令嫒是指___

6、函陷和芙蕖是指____

7 、程颢程颐是心学集大成者，南宋的____是理学的集大成者

二、成语解释 ，释义
，标明出处并造句

1
、破釜沉舟

2、负荆请罪

3 、韦编三绝

4
、想当然

5、围魏救赵

三 、阅读文章并写读后感(不少于1000字)

　　关于十八大四中全会通过了《中共中央关于推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》的一篇政治性文章的读后感

2016考研倒计时的钟声已经敲响，考生只有做好充分准备才能赢得胜利 ，在此阶段考生们要保持良好的心态
，全身心的投入到考研这场战役中去 。三人行考研网特为广大学子推出2016考研
、系列备考专题，针对每一个科目要点进行深入的指导分析 ，欢迎各位考生了解咨询
。同时
，三人行考研网一直为大家推出，足不出户就可以边听课边学习 ，为大家的考研梦想助力！